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- Imagine a monopolist could charge a different price to every customer based on how much he or she were willing to pay. How would this affect monopoly profits?If public utilities are a natural monopoly, what would be the danger in deregulating them?Classify the following as a government-enforced barrier to entry, a banker to entry that is not government-enforced, or a situation that does not involve a barrier to entry. A patented invention A popular but easily copied restaurant recipe An industry where economies of scale are very small compared to the size of demand in the market A well-established reputation for slashing prices in response to new entry A well-respected brand name that has been carefully built up over many years
- Many schemes for price discrintination involve somecosL For example, discount coupons take up the timeand resources of both the buyer and the seller. Thisquestion considers the implications of costly pricediscrimination. To keep things simple, let's assumethat our monopolist's production costs arc simplyproportional to output so that average total cost andmarginal cost arc constant and equal to each other.CHAPTER 15 MONOPOLY 317a. Draw the cost., demand, and marginal-revenuecurves for the monopolist. Show the pricethe monopolist would charge without pricediscrimination.b. ln your diagram, mark the area equal to the mernopolist's prolit and call it X. Mark the area equalto consumer surplus and call it Y. Mark the areaequal to the deadweight loss and call it Z.c. Now suppose that the monopolist can perfectlyprice discriminate. What is the monopolist'sprofit? (Give your answer in terms of X, Y, and Z.)d. What is the change in the monopolist's prolit fromprice discrimination? What is the…Are the following questions true or false? (A). A profit‐maximizing monopolist will produce output where marginal cost is equal to price(B). Suppose we know that a monopolist is maximizing profits. The monopolist has maximizedthe difference between marginal revenue and marginal cost.(C) In perfect competition, MUX = PX is the condition that ensures that firms produce the rightthings.(D). A monopoly earns total revenue of $5000 when it sells 500 units of output and totalrevenue of $5400 when it sells 600 units of output. Thus, the marginal revenue of the600th unit is $9.(E). We call a market where there is only one buyer for a good or service a monopoly.(F). There are a few firms selling differentiated products in a monopolistically competitiveindustry.(G). When a demand curve is a downward sloping straight line, the slope of the marginalrevenue curve is twice as steep as the demand curve.(H). The monopolistʹs profit-maximizing price will be above marginal cost, because at the…Assume that the demand for electric cars is p = 100-q (where q is the quantity and p is the price), and that an innovation can reduce the constant marginal cost of production from 70 to 60. What is the definition of nondrastic/drastic innovation? Confirm that the innovation for electric cars is nondrastic. Show that marginalcost would have to be reduced to less than 40 for theinnovation to bedrastic. Suppose that the industry is a monopoly (not threatened by entry). Howmuch is this firm willing to pay to acquire the innovation?
- For each of the fo llowing characteristics, say whetherit descriOOs a monopoly firm, a monopolisticallycompetitive lirm, both, or neither.a. laces a downward ..sloping demand cut\'eb. has marginal revenue Jess than pricec. laces the entry ol new firms selling: similarproductsd. earns economic profit in the long: rune. equat~ marginal revenue and marginal costf. produces the socially efficient quantity of outputMany schemes for price discrimination involvesome cost. For example, discount coupons take upthe time and resources of both the buyer and theseller. This question considers the implications ofcostly price discrimination. To keep things simple,let’s assume that our monopolist’s production costsare simply proportional to output so that averagetotal cost and marginal cost are constant and equalto each other.a. Draw the cost, demand, and marginal-revenuecurves for the monopolist. Show the pricethe monopolist would charge without pricediscrimination.b. In your diagram, mark the area equal to themonopolist’s profit and call it X. Mark thearea equal to consumer surplus and call it Y.Mark the area equal to the deadweight loss andcall it Z.c. Now suppose that the monopolist can perfectlyprice discriminate. What is the monopolist’sprofit? (Give your answer in terms of X, Y,and Z.)d. What is the change in the monopolist’s profit fromprice discrimination? What is the change in totalsurplus from…A monopoly faces an inverse demand curve, p(y) = 100 − 2y, and has constant marginal costs of 20. What is its profit-maximizing level of output and price? What is the socially optimal price and output for this firm? (Perfectly competitive solution) What is the deadweight loss due to the monopolistic behavior of this firm? d. Show your work algebraically and graphically.
- Suppose the European Union (EU) is investigating a proposed merger between two of largest distillers of premium Scotch liquor. Based on estimates from the EU’s economists, these two firms have a combined market share of about two-thirds of all sales in the relevant market. The only remaining firm controls the other one-third of the market. Economists have estimated that the wholesale market price elasticity of demand for Scotch is −1.3 and the unit cost to produce and distribute the Scotch is 16.20 per liter. Using the available information, provide quantitative estimates of the pre- and post-merger prices for Scotch in the wholesale market. In your opinion, is the EU’s concern about the merger justified? Why or Why not?A social cost is applied to the monopolist market structure. Why does thisoccur? If the gains producers achieve from being a monopolist are provided toconsumers, would the social cost of the monopolist be eliminated?Consider the relationship between monopoly pricingand price elasticity of demand.a. Explain \\•hy a monopolist will never produce aquantity a t which the demand curve is inelastic.(Hint: If demand is inelastic and the firm raisesits price, what happens to total revenue and totalcosts?)b. Draw a diagram for a monopolist,. preciselylabeling the portion of the demand curve thatis inelastic. (Hint: The answer is related to themarginal-revenue curve.)c. On your diagram, show the quantity and pricethat maximize total revenue.