Water molecule is modeled as a dipole with an effective separation,  d = 3.9×10-12 m between its positive and negative charges. The water molecule’s dipole moment is p = 6.2×10-30 C∙m. Consider water molecules in the lower atmosphere where the electric field has a magnitude of about 325 N/C. Assume the field is uniform. (a) What is the maximum torque exerted on a water molecule? (b) Find the change in potential energy if a water molecule rotates from j = 170o to j = 180o?

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Electric Charges and Fields

One of the fundamental properties is the electromagnetic property. Charge cannot be destroyed by any process and this contributes formally to the law of charge conservation.