We know that smoking has all sorts of ill effects on people; among other things, there is evidence that it affects fertility. Researchers examined the effects of smoking and the ease with which women become pregnant. They took 586 who had planned pregnancies, and asked them how many menstrual cycles it had taken for them to become pregnant after discontinuing contraception. They also sorted the women into whether they were smokers or non-smokers. The data follow.     1 Cycle 2 Cycles 3 + Cycles Total Smokers 29 16 55 100 Nonsmokers 198 107 181 486 Total 227 123 236 586   Does smoking affect the ease with which women become pregnant? Test the hypothesis at α = 0.01.

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.