What does saturation refer to?

Q: How would you calculate the filtered load and excretion rate of glucose?

A: Filtered load:- The amount of solute transported across the glomerular membrane per unit time.…

Q: Why should deficits of salt and water eventually be compensated for byingestion of these substances?

A: The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It consists of the renal…

Q: What is the plasma pH range?

A: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The readings are based around a pH of 7, which is neutral, like…

Q: What is physiological dead space?

A: ALVEOLAR VENTILATION:- In this, gas exchange occurs between the alveoli which is the site of gaseous…

Q: By what mechanism does thirst help regulate water intake?

A: Water forms a large portion of the body and 2/3 of water is present within cells called…

Q: What does major incretins include?

A: Answer- Incretins are the group of hormones that help in lowering the blood glucose levels.

Q: How will human body try to bring the blood pressure back to homeostasis during hypotension?

A: Homeostasis is the tendency of the human body to maintain a stable internal environment. This…

Q: What is the range of blood pH?

A: pH = It shows the nature of the substance means whether it is acidic , basic or neutral . pH range…

Q: Illustrate the general principle of physiology that informs the flow between cells, tissues, and…

A: Humans—and alternative complex cellular organisms—have systems of organs that employ along, ending…

Q: How does the hypothalamus regulate water balance?

A: Homeostasis means maintaining a stable environment to carry out the physiological processes inside…

Q: What are the two major sources of fluid intake? What are two ways that fluid output is categorized,…

A: Water plays an important role in every cell of the human body. Intake of water can compensate for…

Q: What effect does glucagon have on the plasma?

A: Glucagon is a Protein secreted by the alpha cells of the Pancreas. Glucagon controls Plasma…

Q: What is excitotoxicity?

A: Millions of neurons communicate with one another via electrical impulses in the brain tissue. When a…

Q: How does aldosterone influence fluid and electrolyte balance?

A: Aldosterone  Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by adrenal gland cortex which is located…

Q: What substances are a H+ ion input?

A: H+ ions makes the solution acidic

Q: What is Hperpolarization? Why is it important?

A: The nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along the neuron. The charged particles…

Q: What are the sources of water gain and loss in the body? What arethe sources of Na1 gain and loss?

A: Water, accounting on average for 60% of the human body weight and in some organisms it's upto 90% of…

Q: What are excretory products of blood plasma?

A: Plasma is designed to carry nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the different parts of the body. It…

Q: Explain the relationship between arterial PCO2 and pH values?

A: By measuring CO2 partial pressure in patients, we can recognize the intensity of ill. pCO2 is the…

Q: What is Erbitux® ?

A: Cetuximab/Erbitux® Cetuximab is a type of recombinant monoclonal antibody. Brand name: Erbitux…

Q: Explain in detail composition of ascitic fluid?

A: Ascites is a pathological condition that leads to an accumulation of fluid inside the stomach. This…

Q: Is there a medullary salt gradient? How is that created?

A: The medullary concentration gradient is a physiological process, which produces a concentration…

Q: What are the differences between osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst?

A: The meaning of THIRST is a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for…

Q: Where is vasopressin released?

A: Step 1 Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine cells which are transported by the circulatory…

Q: What is the osmotic pressure of blood?

A: Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic tension exerted by a solution in an area separated by a…

Q: What is calmodulin?

A: Introduction: Smooth muscle cells are tiny and spindle-shaped, with varying diameters. They have a…

Q: What regulates water and electrolyte movement between plasma and interstitial fluids? Across cell…

A: The body comprises several fluids that circulate in the body. The interstitial fluids are the fluids…

Q: List the function of acclimatization?

A: There are three different definitions for adaption. To begin, it is the dynamic evolutionary process…

Q: which group of corticosteroids influences electrolyte composition in body fluids?

A: Corticosteroids are the steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex.…

Q: What hormone decreases the blood pressure by increasing urination?

A: Blood pressure:It is defined as the pressure of the blood inside the arteries.

Q: When ADH levels increase, how are urine volume, bloodosmolarity, and blood volume affected?

A: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also referred to as vasopressin. This hormone is synthesized…

Q: What is important for entrainment?

A: Entrainment relates to the coupling of two distinct oscillatory systems so that its oscillations…

Q: What is genic balance

A: Calvin Bridges, an American scientist, proposed the genic balance theory in 1921. This theory…

Q: What is the water distribution in the body? Explain the importance of water/hydration.

A: Hydration Water molecules are combined with the substance by a chemical process is called hydration.…

Q: What are the sources of plasma electrolytes?

A: Electrolytes carry electric charges in our bodies. The ions such as sodium, chloride, potassium,…

Q: How does the composition of urine help to maintain a healthy physiological acid-base balance?

A: Kidneys are the primary organs of excretion, particularly nitrogenous wastes. They are also organs…

Q: What is one ion in ECF & ICF and role in body?

A: The system that involves all fluid contained in cells by their plasma membranes is the intracellular…

Q: The relationship between ADH and the tubular re-absorbtion of water?

A: Nephron is the functional subunit of the kidney. It is involved in the formation of urine.

Q: What is the substance present in plasma when in high concentrations can interfere with triglyceride…

A: Triglycerides are tri-esters of three fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides contain a large…

Q: list the routes by which water enters and leaves the body. how are these kept in balance?

A: Water is a chemical substance which is colorless, tasteless and odorless. It is quite important for…

Q: what is the importance of osmoregulation in matintaining body homeostasis?

A: The term "osmoregulation" describe the water balance in the body. It is a very important process…

Q: What is saturation Deficite

A: Saturation deficit, an index of humidity typically characterized by the difference between the…

Q: What is the quantity of creatinine excretion in 24 hours relatively constant for normal person?

A: Creatinine is a non-protein nitrogenous compound that is formed by the breakdown of creatine in…

Q: what is the sodium/potassium exchange pump?

A: The sodium potassium exchange pump is found on the plasma membrane of all the animal cells. The…

Q: What is hypoxia?

A: Sometimes a body do not get enough oxygen and It can be due to two conditions :- 1) Hypoxemia  2 )…

Sleep Physiology

Sleep is a condition of reduced muscle movement in the body. Awareness about the surroundings is reduced at the time of sleep. The body stays mildly responsive or non-responsive to external stimuli. The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the circadian rhythm that produces a resting phase for the body.