What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward. Please include peer reviewed references.
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What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward. Please include peer reviewed references.
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- Name the primary neurotransmitter that mediates the brain reward systems.Are different neural pathways and neurotransmitters involved when the addiction is not a substance (for example, in the case of gambling or cell phones)?How is dopamine and glutamate connectivity altered in the brains of schizophrenics?
- How can 5-HT2a activation be linked to dream-like experiences and hallucinations, but serotonin is low during REM sleep? Is it that although serotonin is low, of what is activated is the 5-HT2a receptor?The network that allows the brain to maintain wakefulness consists of: A) neither brainstem nor forebrain arousal centers. B) both brainstem and forebrain arousal centers. C) forebrain arousal centers, including the basal forebrain and lateral hypothalamus.Limbic System, Emotion, Reward, and Addiction Describe the role of the amygdala in emotion at the introduction level (Introduction to Neuroscience College Level). Provide many of your own digital or handwritten diagrams to complement your explanation.
- Which of the following neural systems has been linked to processing rewards that motivate choices? a.Basal ganglia pathway b.Meso-temporal pathway c.Fronto-striatal pathway d.Mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway e.Nigro-striatal pathwayBased on the evidence from recordings of single neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in rodents by Nobel Laureates John O'Keefe, May-Brit Moser and Edvard Moser, one would predict that patients like H.M. (whose bilateral medial temporal lobes were removed) would have problems with Short-term memory Semantic memory Spatial memory Object memory Face memoryBriefly discuss the impact of acetylcholine and dopamine on the brain
- What is true of prenatal effects on brain plasticity? Parents' experiences before conception can influence their children's later brain development. Positive experiences influence prenatal brain development, whereas negative experiences do not. Negative experiences influence prenatal brain development, whereas positive experiences do not. Gene expression cannot be altered by prenatal experiences but can be altered after a child is born.What is Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)? What connection does it have to exercise, nature and cellphones?Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex? Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.
