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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/3Dmovies) to learn about the side effects of 3-D movies. As discussed in this video, movies that are shot in 3-D can cause motion sickness, which elicits the autonomic symptoms of nausea and sweating. The disconnection between the perceived motion on the screen and the lack of any change in equilibrium stimulates these symptoms. Why do you think sitting close to the screen or right in the middle of the theater makes motion sickness during a 3-D movie worse?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/basalnuclei2) to learn about the basal nuclei (also known as the basal ganglia), which have two pathways that process information within the cerebrum. As shown in this video, the indirect pathway is the longer pathway through the system that results in decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, and therefore less motor activity. The indirect pathway has an extra couple of connections in it, including disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. What is the end result on the thalamus, and therefore on movement initiated by the cerebral cortex?Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/troublewstairs) to read about a woman that notices that her daughter is having trouble walking up the stairs. This leads to the discovery of a hereditary condition that affects the brain and spinal cord. The electromyography and MRI tests indicated deficiencies in the spinal cord and cerebellum, both of which are responsible for controlling coordinated movements. To what functional division of the nervous system would these structures belong?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/whitematter) to learn about the white matter in the cerebrum that develops during childhood and adolescence. This is a composite of MRI images taken of the brains of people from 5 years of age through 20 years of age, demonstrating how the cerebrum changes. As the color changes to blue, the ratio of gray matter to white matter changes. The caption for the video describes it as less gray matter, which is another way of saying more white matter. If the brain does not finish developing until approximately 20 years of age, can teenagers be held responsible for behaving badly?Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/CSFflow) that shows the flow of CSF through the brain and spinal cord, and how it originates from the ventricles and then spreads into the space within the meninges, where the fluids then move into the venous sinuses to return to the cardiovascular circulation. What are the structures that produce CSF and where are they found? How are the structures indicated in this animation?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervsystem1) to learn more about the nervous system. As described in this video, the nervous system has a way to deal with threats and stress that is separate from the conscious control of the somatic nervous system. The system comes from a time when threats were about survival, but in the modern age, these responses become part of stress and anxiety. This video describes how the autonomic system is only part of the response to threats, or stressors. What other organ system gets involved, and what part of the brain coordinates the two systems for the entire response, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lumbarpuncture) that describes the procedure known as the lumbar puncture, a medical procedure used to sample the CSF. Because of the anatomy of the CNS, it is a relative safe location to insert a needle. Why is the lumbar puncture performed in the lower lumbar area of the vertebral column?Theconnects the two cerebral hemispheres. limbic system corpus callosum cerebellum pituitaryWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neuroexam2) for an introduction to the neurological exam. Studying the neurological exam can give insight into how structure and function in the nervous system are interdependent. This is a tool both in the clinic and in the classroom, but for different reasons. In the clinic, this is a powerful but simple tool to assess a patient’s neurological function. In the classroom, it is a different way to think about the nervous system. Though medical technology provides noninvasive imaging and real-time functional data, the presenter says these cannot replace the history at the core of the medical examination. What does history mean in the context of medical practice?
- AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE FUNCTION(S)/CHARACTERISTIC(S) SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 1 Preganglionic neuron 2 Postganglionic neuron 3 Gray horns of the spinal cord 4 Dorsal Roots of the spinal cord 5 Ventral Roots of the spinal cord 6 Dorsal Rami 7 Ventral Rami 8 White ramus communicans 9 Gray ramus communicans 10 Sympathetic trunk ganglion (Paravertebral ganglia) 11 Superior cervical ganglion 12 Middle cervical ganglion 13 Inferior cervical ganglion 14 14a 14b 14c Prevertebral ganglia Celiac ganglion Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION 15 Preganglionic neuron 16 Postganglionic neuron 17 CN III Oculomotor nerve 18 CN VII Facial nerve…Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/basalnuclei2) to learn about the basal nuclei (also knownas the basal ganglia), which have two pathways that process information within the cerebrum. As shown in this video,the indirect pathway is the longer pathway through thesystem that results in decreased activity in the cerebralcortex, and therefore less motor activity. The indirectpathway has an extra couple of connections in it, includingdisinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. What is the endresult on the thalamus, and therefore on movement initiatedby the cerebral cortex?The ____ receives a large amount of information from the amygdala. It's the final destination for most of the brain's information about emotion before action is taken. For this reason, patients with damage to this region often struggle to make decisions, especially when those decisions involve avoiding risks or learning from reinforcement and punishment. A) ventromedial prefrontal cortex B) posterior parietal cortex C) anterior insular cortex D) anterior cingulate gyrus