Which of the following statements regarding the inert pair effect is incorrect? a. The inert pair effect is mainly caused by larger-than-normal effective nuclear charges in these elements. b. Due to the inert pair effect, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony show the prevalence of both the +3 and +5 oxidation states to varying degrees, but bismuth is dominated by +3 oxidation state. c. Lower bond energies in their compounds is one of the main reasons that trigger the inert pair effect in the elements. d. The inert pair effect can be seen in the elements of In, Tl, Ge, As, Sb and Bi.

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