Which one of the cannot be considered a criterion when identifying a small neurotransmitter (NT)? 18 it must bind to postsynaptic receptor sites it can be isolated from the presynaptic cytoplasmic terminal O it is always released in a very predictable amount its biological activity can be terminated by enzymatic action
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- Changes in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of plasticity (i.e., whether a synapse potentiates or depresses). Provide a general mechanism to explain how changes in intracellular Ca2+ can result in either synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation (refer to our discussion on kinases and phosphatases).Which of the following neurotransmitters is associatedwith inhibition exclusively?a. GABAb. acetylcholinec. glutamated. norepinephrineWhen a postsynaptic neuron is adequately stimulated, action potentials develop at the initial segment of the axon because :-a- it contains many voltage-gated Na + channelsb- it contains the highest concentration of ligand-gated cation channelsc- it contains many voltage-gated Ca ++ channelsd- it is more sensitive to the direct stimulant effect of neurotransmitters
- N-methyl-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is activated by glutamate and is ligand-gated calcium ion channel. True or FalseNeuropeptides :-a- are synthesized in the synaptic knobsb- consist of small moleculesc- interact with ligand-receptorsd- could produce prolonged changes in the structure of postsynaptic neuronsWhat's the consequence of glutamate release when the postsynaptic membrane expresses NMDA but not AMPA receptors? a. NMDA receptors conduct sodium in the absence of a membrane depolarization b. NMDA receptors couple to G-proteins; activation opens up downstream sodium channels c. Calcium passively diffuses into the neuron triggering neurotransmitter release d. Magnesium blocks the pore of the NMDA channel prohibiting sodium influx
- True or false. The different subunits that a muscatinic acetylcholine receptor is made of determines the properties of the receptor such as what ion it conducts. If false what is determines the properties ?A drug that binds with the receptor that the neurotransmitter binds with and opens ion channels is an example of a(n) _______. synergist antagonist agonist protagonistOf the below, what do neurotransmitters do? stimulate presynaptic terminals. remain in the synaptic cleft for long periods of time. do not affect membrane channels in the postsynaptic membrane. bind irreversibly to the receptor molecules of the postsynaptic membrane. cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
- which of the following is the best comparison of GABA and glutamate Select one: a. all of these are valid comparisons of glutamate and GABA b. too much GABA can cause excitotoxicity; too much glutamate can cause seizures c. post synaptic sites for glutamate are most likely on the dendrite ; post synaptic sites for GABA are most likely on the cell body d. glutamate acts on ionotropic receptors; GABA acts on metabotropic receptors e. they are both excitatory amino acid precursors ; GABA is a precursor to making glutamateWhich of the following is the most direct result of depolarizingthe presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?(A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.(B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.(C) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmittersto enter the synaptic cleft.(D) An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell.Describe and explain in detail the effects of glutamate when it binds to postsynaptic AMPA receptors vs the effect of it when it binds to NMDA receptors.