Which statements about case hardening are correct? The process makes it possible to harden local areas of the component.
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- Define the General Heat/Diffusion Equation ?Consider diffusion of hydrogen through a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMSO) sheet 20 mm thick. If the permeability coefficient at 350 K is 1.31 x 10-10 [(cm STP)(cm)/(cm2-s- Pa)], compute the diffusion flux [(cm STP)/(cm2-s)) at 500 K. The hydrogen pressures at the two faces are 10 kPa and 1 kPa, which are maintained constant. Hint: Pw is the temperature independent coefficient i.e. it's the same for all temperatures. Use PM = PMo (- Qp / RT), Qp = 13.7 kJ/mol and R = 8.31 J/mol-KA thermal evaporator is used to deposit aluminum. The aluminum charge is maintained at a uniform temperature of 1100 o C. If the the vapor pressure of aluminum is about 1x10-3 torr at that temperature, calculate the evaporation rate of aluminum?
- On a 5 day wilderness expedition you'll need to heat 3.0kg of water to the boiling point each day. The air temperature will average 25°C. You have available canisters of compressed propane C3H8 fuel, which you'll burn to heat the water. Each canister has 100.g of propane in it. What is the minimum number of fuel canisters you must bring? The standard heat of formation of propane at 25°C is −103.85/kJmol.Derive the conservation of mass equation in differential form using a cubic control volume.A ceramic heating element is immersed in an insulated container of liquid argon at its boiling point. If the heating element generates 40.0 J of heat energy per second, how many kilograms of argon are boiled away in a period of 5.00 h? The heat of vaporization and boiling point respectively for argon are 162 kJ/kg and −186 °C
- A substance has a melting point of 20°C and a heat of fusion of 3.5 × 104 J/kg. The boiling point is 150°C and the heat of vaporization is 7.0 × 104 J/kg at a pressure of 1.0 atm. The specific heats for the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases are 600 J/(kg • K), 1000 J/(kg • K), and 400 J/(kg • K), respectively. The quantity of heat given up by 0.50 kg of the substance when it is cooled from 170°C to 88°C, at a pressure of 1.0 atmosphere, is closest tThe wear resistance of a steel gear is to be improved by hardening its surface. This is tobe accomplished by increasing the carbon content within an outer surface layer as a result ofcarbon diffusion into the steel; the carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich gaseousatmosphere at an elevated and constant temperature. The initial carbon content of the steel is0.20 wt%, whereas the surface concentration is to be maintained at 1.00 wt%. For this treatmentto be effective, a carbon content of 0.60 wt% must be established at a position 0.75 mm belowthe surface.Specify an appropriate heat treatment in terms of temperature and time for temperaturesbetween 900 0C and 1050 0C (you may select any 3 temperatures). For the diffusion of carbonin steel, D0 = 2.3 x 10-5 m2 /s, Q = 148 kJ/mol. (The error function values are given below)(c) Consider an alloy that is undergoing carburizing process, initially has a uniform carbon concentration of 0.27 wt% and is to be treated at 950oC (1750oF). If the concentration of carbon at the surface is suddenly brought to and maintained at 1.32 wt%, how long will it take to achieve a carbon content of 0.85% at a position 0.7 mm below the surface? The diffusion coefficient for carbon in iron at this temperature is 1.6 x 10-11 m2/s; assume that the steel piece is semi-finite.
- Calculate the heat you need to take/give to make all 1 kg of mercury at a temperature of 357⁰C at a temperature of 1 ATM at a temperature of -39⁰C at constant pressure. (Freezing Point for Mercury: -39⁰C, Boiling Point: 357⁰C, Melting Heat: 11.8 kJ/kg, Evaporation Heat: 27.2 kJ/kg, Average Specific Heat (for liquid mercury): 0.14 J/(g⁰C) )Insulation degrades (experiences an increase in thermal conductivity) if it is subjected to water vapor condensation. The problem may occur in home insulation during cold periods, when vapor in a humidified room diffuses through the drywall (plaster board) and condenses in the adjoining insulation. Estimate the mass diffusion rate for a 3 m × 4 m wall, under conditions for which the vapor pressure is 0.035 bar in the room air and 0.0 bar in the insulation. The drywall is 15 mm thick, and the solubility of water vapor in the wall material is approximately 5 × 10−3 kmol/m3 ⋅ bar. The binary diffusion coefficient for water vapor in the drywall is approximately 10−9 m2/s.A beaker with a metal bottom is filled with 20g of water at 20∘C. It is brought into good thermal contact with a 4000cm3 container holding 0.40mol of a monatomic gas at 10atm pressure. Both containers are well insulated from their surroundings. What is the gas pressure after a long time has elapsed in atm? You can assume that the containers themselves are nearly massless and do not affect the outcome