Why can bacteria undergo rapid evolutionary change? a) Bacteria pass through numerous bottlenecks b) Bacteria mutate at high rates c) Bacterial populations are large and can reproduce quickly 2 8:23
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Microbial Physiology
Microbial physiology is the branch of microbiology that is associated with studying the physiology of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is an important field of science concerning functional genomics and metabolic engineering.
Chemotaxis
The organism’s movement in a particular direction as a response to certain chemicals that are available in the environment is defined as chemotaxis. In brief, it can be defined as the occurrence of an organism’s movement in response to a certain chemical stimulus.
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- How have rRNA sequencing studies improved our understanding of microbialdiversity?Describe the lines of proof Robert Koch used to definitivelyassociate the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis with thedisease tuberculosis. How would his proof have been flawedif any of the tools he developed for studying bacterialdiseases had not been available for his study of tuberculosis?Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin aresmall organic molecules that are synthesized by particular speciesof bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason whycertain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupythe same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may beable to kill competing species. This provides more resources forthe antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that havethe genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes thatconfer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracyclineis made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besidesthe genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciensalso has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, itwould kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however,many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracyclinehave acquired the genes that confer tetracycline resistance.For example,…
- Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin aresmall organic molecules that are synthesized by particular speciesof bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason whycertain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupythe same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may beable to kill competing species. This provides more resources forthe antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that havethe genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes thatconfer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracyclineis made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besidesthe genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciensalso has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, itwould kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however,many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracyclinehave acquired the genes that confer tetracycline resistance.For example,…Why are bacteria so small?A 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. If you were an anxious parent of the patient, would it change your mind if you learned that a woman died in 2016 from a bacterial infection…
- A 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. How should the pediatrician balance his ethical responsibility to provide effective treatment to the present patient with his ethical…A 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. If the infant was given antibiotics, how might this have contributed to the production of resistant bacteria?A typical human body carries 30 to 50 trillion bacteria;most of these are either harmless or helpful, but a feware _____________c and thus cause disease?