Why did Qing China differ in its response to population growth from the early modern era from European responses?What caused the Taiping Rebellion? How did it end?What was opium? Why did the British use it in their trade with China?Describe the relationship between China and the West by the end of the 19th century. In many ways, Chinawas the victim of itsown earlier success.Its robust (strong)andeconomyAmerican food cropshadenabledsubstantial populationgrowth, from about100 million people inCHINA1685 to some 430million in 1853. Unlikein Europe, though,PACIFICOCEANINDAwhereasimilargrowth occurred, noIndustrial Revolutionaccompanied this vastincreaseinpopulation, nor wasagricultural production able to keep up. Furthermore, China's famed centralized andbureaucratic state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. Duringthis time, many internal and external problems began to cause the decline of the QingDynasty (see map above).Internal Pressures: Taiping RebellionThe conclusion of China's internal crisis lay in the Taiping Uprising, which set much of thecountry aflame between 1850 and 1864. Its leaders largely rejected Confucianism,Daoism, and Buddhism alike, finding their primary ideology in a unique form ofChristianity. Its leading figure, Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864), proclaimed himself theyounger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a peacefulworld.His call for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and his program for the radical|*Copyright: Achievement First Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Ceati Commons Alicensetransformation of Chinese society appealed to millions of men and women. The Qingdynasty had ruled China since 1644, and Qing elites had adapted to Chinese ways, butmany native Chinese subjects despised the Manchu ruling class as foreigners. Hongfiercely denounced the Qing dynasty as foreigners who had "poisoned China" and "defiledthe emperor's throne." They called for the abolition of private property, a radicalredistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking. The Taiping landreform program promised women and men equal shares of land. Women were nowpermitted to sit for civil service examinations and were appointed to supervisorypositions, though usually ones in which they exercised authority over other women ratherthan men.With a rapidly swelling number of followers, Taiping forces swept out of southern Chinaand established their capital in Nanjing in 1853. However, problems within Taipingleadership and in allying with other rebel groups enabled the Qing's victory. Qing dynastyloyalists rallied and by 1864 they crushed this unusual peasant rebellions. Western militarysupport for pro-Qing forces likewise contributed to their victory.External Pressures: Opium WarsIn 1759 the Qing emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to thecoat at Guangzhou, where European merchants could establish warehouses. Foreignmerchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms known as cohongs, whichbought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established bythe government. Because there was little demand for European products, Europeans hadto pay in silver.Oplum imports into China 165e-1880Opium had long been used insmall doses as a drinkablemedicine. Officials of the BritishEast India Company gradually5.000turned to trade in an addictiveproduct that was as profitable asit was criminal-opium - to getmore favorable trade with China.The East India Company grewopium in British India and shippedit to China, where companyofficials exchanged it for Chinesesilver coin and Chinese goods.Tear11hest - kp .4gSpi sTrade in opium was illegal, but it continued unstopped for decades because Chineseauthorities made little effort to enforce the law. Indeed, corrupt officials often benefitedpersonally by allowing the illegal trade to go on. The opium trade drained large quantitiesof silver coin from China AND also created serious social problems in southern China,addiction. When government authorities took steps in 1838 to halt the illicit trade, Britishmerchants started losing money. In 1839 the Chinese government stepped up itscampaign by charging the incorruptible Lin Zexu with the task of destroying the opiumtrade. Commissioner Lin acted quickly, confiscating and destroying some 20,000 chests ofopium.The British, offended by the seizure of their property in opium and emboldened by theirnew military power, sent a large naval expedition to China, determined to end therestrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. Thus began the first Opium War, in which Britain's industrialized military easily defeated Qing naval |tforces. The Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war in 1842, largely on British terms,imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to Europeantraders. Its provisions reflected the changed balance of global power that had emergedwith Britain's Industrial Revolution.But it was not the last ofSpheres ofInfluenceBalkalRussianthose treaties. Britain'svictory in a second OpiumWar (1856–1858)accompanied by the brutalvandalizing of the emperor'sJapas exquisite Summer Palaceoutside Beijing and resultedin further humiliations forthe Chinese. Still more portsRussiaZoneChina, 1910wasJapaneseZoneSea ofBejingKoreaGermany ZoneinBritish ZoneYellowSeawere opened to foreign sNowBritish ZoneEast ChinaSeatraders.those sChongangJapaneseZoneforeigners were allowed totravel freely and buy land inChina, to preach Christianityunder the protection ofChinese authorities, and topatrol some of China's rivers.Furthermore, the Chinese were forbidden to use the character for "barbarians" to refer to bthe British in official documents. Following military defeats at the hands of the French(1885) and Japanese (1895), China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan. By the endof the century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia had all carved out spheres ofinfluence within China, granting themselves special privileges to establish military bases,French ZoneTaiwan20 les2i0 KometerFranceFrenchIndochina1- Hong Kong (Br.)Macau(Port.)Siam| Germany| BritainJapan|Russiaextract raw materials, and build railroads.

Question

Why did Qing China differ in its response to population growth from the early modern era from European responses?What caused the Taiping Rebellion? How did it end?What was opium? Why did the British use it in their trade with China?Describe the relationship between China and the West by the end of the 19th century. In many ways, Chinawas the victim of itsown earlier success.Its robust (strong)andeconomyAmerican food cropshadenabledsubstantial populationgrowth, from about100 million people inCHINA1685 to some 430million in 1853. Unlikein Europe, though,PACIFICOCEANINDAwhereasimilargrowth occurred, noIndustrial Revolutionaccompanied this vastincreaseinpopulation, nor wasagricultural production able to keep up. Furthermore, China's famed centralized andbureaucratic state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. Duringthis time, many internal and external problems began to cause the decline of the QingDynasty (see map above).Internal Pressures: Taiping RebellionThe conclusion of China's internal crisis lay in the Taiping Uprising, which set much of thecountry aflame between 1850 and 1864. Its leaders largely rejected Confucianism,Daoism, and Buddhism alike, finding their primary ideology in a unique form ofChristianity. Its leading figure, Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864), proclaimed himself theyounger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a peacefulworld.His call for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and his program for the radical|*Copyright: Achievement First Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Ceati Commons Alicensetransformation of Chinese society appealed to millions of men and women. The Qingdynasty had ruled China since 1644, and Qing elites had adapted to Chinese ways, butmany native Chinese subjects despised the Manchu ruling class as foreigners. Hongfiercely denounced the Qing dynasty as foreigners who had &#34;poisoned China&#34; and &#34;defiledthe emperor's throne.&#34; They called for the abolition of private property, a radicalredistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking. The Taiping landreform program promised women and men equal shares of land. Women were nowpermitted to sit for civil service examinations and were appointed to supervisorypositions, though usually ones in which they exercised authority over other women ratherthan men.With a rapidly swelling number of followers, Taiping forces swept out of southern Chinaand established their capital in Nanjing in 1853. However, problems within Taipingleadership and in allying with other rebel groups enabled the Qing's victory. Qing dynastyloyalists rallied and by 1864 they crushed this unusual peasant rebellions. Western militarysupport for pro-Qing forces likewise contributed to their victory.External Pressures: Opium WarsIn 1759 the Qing emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to thecoat at Guangzhou, where European merchants could establish warehouses. Foreignmerchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms known as cohongs, whichbought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established bythe government. Because there was little demand for European products, Europeans hadto pay in silver.Oplum imports into China 165e-1880Opium had long been used insmall doses as a drinkablemedicine. Officials of the BritishEast India Company gradually5.000turned to trade in an addictiveproduct that was as profitable asit was criminal-opium - to getmore favorable trade with China.The East India Company grewopium in British India and shippedit to China, where companyofficials exchanged it for Chinesesilver coin and Chinese goods.Tear11hest - kp .4gSpi sTrade in opium was illegal, but it continued unstopped for decades because Chineseauthorities made little effort to enforce the law. Indeed, corrupt officials often benefitedpersonally by allowing the illegal trade to go on. The opium trade drained large quantitiesof silver coin from China AND also created serious social problems in southern China,addiction. When government authorities took steps in 1838 to halt the illicit trade, Britishmerchants started losing money. In 1839 the Chinese government stepped up itscampaign by charging the incorruptible Lin Zexu with the task of destroying the opiumtrade. Commissioner Lin acted quickly, confiscating and destroying some 20,000 chests ofopium.The British, offended by the seizure of their property in opium and emboldened by theirnew military power, sent a large naval expedition to China, determined to end therestrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. Thus began the first Opium War, in which Britain's industrialized military easily defeated Qing naval |tforces. The Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war in 1842, largely on British terms,imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to Europeantraders. Its provisions reflected the changed balance of global power that had emergedwith Britain's Industrial Revolution.But it was not the last ofSpheres ofInfluenceBalkalRussianthose treaties. Britain'svictory in a second OpiumWar (1856–1858)accompanied by the brutalvandalizing of the emperor'sJapas exquisite Summer Palaceoutside Beijing and resultedin further humiliations forthe Chinese. Still more portsRussiaZoneChina, 1910wasJapaneseZoneSea ofBejingKoreaGermany ZoneinBritish ZoneYellowSeawere opened to foreign sNowBritish ZoneEast ChinaSeatraders.those sChongangJapaneseZoneforeigners were allowed totravel freely and buy land inChina, to preach Christianityunder the protection ofChinese authorities, and topatrol some of China's rivers.Furthermore, the Chinese were forbidden to use the character for &#34;barbarians&#34; to refer to bthe British in official documents. Following military defeats at the hands of the French(1885) and Japanese (1895), China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan. By the endof the century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia had all carved out spheres ofinfluence within China, granting themselves special privileges to establish military bases,French ZoneTaiwan20 les2i0 KometerFranceFrenchIndochina1- Hong Kong (Br.)Macau(Port.)Siam| Germany| BritainJapan|Russiaextract raw materials, and build railroads.

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