Word Bank: А. acetylcholi В. GABA С. postsynapt | D. Ca²+ Е. chemical ne receptor receptor ic channels F. K* G. presynaptic H. Na* I. synapses J. electrical channels channels Neurons communicate with each other through specialized sites called Many neurotransmitter receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that open transiently in the cell membrane in response to neurotransmitters released by the cell. Ligand-gated ion channels in nerve cell membranes convert Neurotransmitter release is stimulated by the opening of voltage-gated _signals into ones. in the nerve-terminal membrane.

Word Bank: А. acetylcholi В. GABA С. postsynapt | D. Ca²+ Е. chemical ne receptor receptor ic channels F. K* G. presynaptic H. Na* I. synapses J. electrical channels channels Neurons communicate with each other through specialized sites called Many neurotransmitter receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that open transiently in the cell membrane in response to neurotransmitters released by the cell. Ligand-gated ion channels in nerve cell membranes convert Neurotransmitter release is stimulated by the opening of voltage-gated _signals into ones. in the nerve-terminal membrane.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8TYK: Which of the following statements best describes saltatory conduction? a. It inhibits direct...

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Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?
Which of the following statements best describes saltatory conduction? a. It inhibits direct neurotransmitter release. b. It transmits the action potential at the nodes of Ranvier andthus speeds up impulses on myelinated axons. c. It increases neurotransmitter release at the presynapticmembrane. d. It decreases neurotransmitter uptake at chemically gatedpostsynaptic channels. e. It removes neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/3Dmovies) to learn about the side effects of 3-D movies. As discussed in this video, movies that are shot in 3-D can cause motion sickness, which elicits the autonomic symptoms of nausea and sweating. The disconnection between the perceived motion on the screen and the lack of any change in equilibrium stimulates these symptoms. Why do you think sitting close to the screen or right in the middle of the theater makes motion sickness during a 3-D movie worse?
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.
View the University of Michigan Webscope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments, bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain that makes them the deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?
In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens, allowing K+ ions to flow outward along their concentrationgradient. b. Na+ ions flow out of the axon with their concentration gradient. c. positive charges lower the membrane potential to its lowestaction potential. d. gated K+ channels open at the same time as the activationgate of Na+ channels closes. e. the depolarizing stimulus lowers the membrane potential toopen the Na+ gates.
Synaptic transmission s terminated by :-a- block of pretsynaptic receptorsb- elevation of Ca ++ concentration in synaptic cleftc- reuptake of neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neuronsd- degradation of neurotransmitters by specific enzymes
. Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an IPSP inpostsynaptic cell X and an EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likelyexplanation is that(A) the threshold value in the postsynaptic membraneis different for cell X and cell Y.(B) the axon of cell X is myelinated, but that of cell Y is not.(C) only cell Y produces an enzyme that terminates the activityof the neurotransmitter.(D) cells X and Y express different receptor molecules for thisparticular neurotransmitter.
During a relative refractory period of an action potential A. Another action potential can be fired, it just takes a greater stimulus for the membrane potential to reach threshold B. Na+ channels are either already open or are inactivated therefore the membrane absolutely can not produce another action potential, no matter how intense the stimulus C. Ca++ flows out of the cell, causing hyperpolarization and a need for a greater stimulus to generate the action potential D. The presynaptic neuron "tells" the postsynaptic neuron about the "relative" strength of signal E. None of the above are correct
When a postsynaptic neuron is adequately stimulated, action potentials develop at the initial segment of the axon because :-a- it contains many voltage-gated Na + channelsb- it contains the highest concentration of ligand-gated cation channelsc- it contains many voltage-gated Ca ++ channelsd- it is more sensitive to the direct stimulant effect of neurotransmitters
Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab)to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observeelectrophysiological processes in the nervous system,where scientists directly measure the electrical signalsproduced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur sorapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is nothelpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded froma neuron and it “pops” each time the neuron fires an actionpotential. These action potentials are firing so fast that itsounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists canrecognize the patterns within that static to understand whatis happening. Why is the leech model used for measuringthe electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?
IPSP differs from EPSP in :-a- being of shorter durationb- being unable o summate spatiallyc- moving the membrane potential away from thresholdd- depending upon opening of voltage K + channels