You infect bacteria with two phages during a cis test. This produces a lysate that contains phage particles. Before you can count outcomes, you need to work out the amount of phage to use in subsequent experiments. You start by making two ten- fold serial dilutions of the lysate and then add 1mL of the final diluted lysate to a plate of permissive strain e.coli. You observe 10 plaques. How many phage per mL were present in the original lysate? O a. 10 phage/mL o b. 3,300 phage/mL O c. 10,000 phage/mL o d. 1,000 phage/mL e. 33 phage/mL
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- You have conducted serial 10-fold dilutions and measured the cfu (colony forming units) of a Streptococcus pneumoniae culture and also the pfu (plaque forming units) of a phage (virus) that infects the bacteria. You counted 5 cfu in a 0.4 ml sample of a 106 dilution of the bacterial sample. You then counted 50 plaque-forming units (pfu) in a 0.25 ml sample of a 108 diluted sample of the phage culture. What are the cfu/ml of the S. pneumoniae and pfu/ml of the phage cultures before dilution? 5 x 106 cfu/ml and 2 x 109 pfu/ml 4 x 107 CFU/ml and 2 x 109 PFU/ml 1.25 x 108 cfu/ml and 10 x 1010 pfu/ml 1.25 x 107 cfu/ml and 2 x 1010 pfu/mlA researcher is studying the rII locus of phage T4. FourrII− strains are obtained: A, B, C, and D. In the first experiment, E. coli strain K(λ) is coinfected with two rII− strains simultaneously and the results are recorded. Infection with A and B phage = lysis occurs Infection with A and C phage = lysis occurs Infection with B and C phage = no lysis occurs Infection with B and D phage = no lysis occurs Infection with C and D phage = no lysis occurs In a second experiment, coinfections are performed first in E. coli strain B, then the progeny phage are used to infect E. coli strain K(λ). Progeny of A and B phage = plaques form Progeny of B and C phage = plaques form Progeny of C and D phage = plaques form Progeny of B and D phage = no plaques from Which conclusions are consistent with these data? Why? A) Strains A and B carry mutations in the same gene. B) Strains B and D both carry the same mutation. C) Strains B, C, and D carry mutations in the same gene. D)…In Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets. Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly. If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.
- E. coli cells are simultaneously infected with two strains of phage λ. One strain has a mutant host range, is temperature sensitive, and produces clear plaques (genotype h st c); another strain carries the wildtype alleles (genotype h+ st+ c+). Progeny phages are collected from the lysed cells and are plated on bacteria. The following numbers of different progeny phages are obtained: Progeny phage genotype Number of plaques h+ c+ st+ 321 h c st 338 h+ c st 26 h c+ st+ 30 h+ c st+ 106 h c+ st 110 h+ c+ st 5 h c st+ 6 a. Determine the order of the three genes on the phage chromosome. b. Determine the map distances between the genes. c. Determine the coefficient of coincidence and the interferenceWhich of the following is TRUE when one assay bacteriophage titers? You should: a) first mix the phages with a live bacterial culture and then pour the mixture on the agar plate b) directly add the phage dilution onto the surface of an agar plate c) add tryptic soy broth to the phage dilution and incubate overnight d) incubate a phage solution with live bacterial cells for several minutes. You must add soft agar to the mixture before pouring the content on the agar plate1 mL of a bacteriophage suspension is mixed with 20 mL of a bacterial culture and 50% of the phages adsorb. We know that the bacteriophage suspension had a concentration of 1x1010 viruses per mL, and the bacterial culture had a concentration of 3x108 bacteria per mL. What fraction of the cells is multiple infected?
- In a plaque assay, a phage has undergone _________ cycle when plaques are observed on the agar lawn post- incubation. What is the answer on the blank?A phage-infected bacterial culture was subjected to a series ofdilutions, and a plaque assay was performed in each case, withthe following results. What conclusion can be drawn in the caseof each dilution? Dilution Factor Assay Results(a) 104 All bacteria lysed(b) 106 14 plaques(c) 108 0 plaquesShown below are the complementation test results involving 4 independently isolated lethal mutants in a bacteriophage. Complementation was assayed by simultaneouly infecting bacteria with two phage strains, each with a different mutation, neither of which could alone lyse the cells. In the table below, a "+" indicates the strains complemented each other and therefore lysed open the bacteria. A "0" indicates no complementation and therefore no cell lysis occurred. Test pair Results 1___2___3___4 1,2 + 1 0 + + 0 1,3 + 2 0 + + 1,4 0 3 0 + 2,3 + 4 0 2,4 + 3,4 + Which mutants are in the same gene? . a. 2, & 3 b.1, 2, 3 & 4 c.1 & 4 d.1, 2 & 4
- Shown below are the complementation test results involving 4 independently isolated lethal mutants in a bacteriophage. Complementation was assayed by simultaneouly infecting bacteria with two phage strains, each with a different mutation, neither of which could alone lyse the cells. In the table below, a "+" indicates the strains complemented each other and therefore lysed open the bacteria. A "0" indicates no complementation and therefore no cell lysis occurred. Test pair Results 1___2___3___4 1,2 + 1 0 + + 0 1,3 + 2 0 + + 1,4 0 3 0 + 2,3 + 4 0 2,4 + 3,4 + How many genes are there? a. 3 b.1 c. 2 d. 4One mL of a bacteriophage suspension is mixed with 20 mL of a bacterialculture and 50% of the phages adsorb. We know that the bacteriophagesuspension had a concentration of 1x10^10 viruses per mL, and the bacterialculture had a concentration of 3x10^8 bacteria per mL. What fraction of the cells is uninfected?One mL of a bacteriophage suspension is mixed with 20 mL of a bacterialculture and 50% of the phages adsorb. We know that the bacteriophagesuspension had a concentration of 1x10^10 viruses per mL, and the bacterialculture had a concentration of 3x10^8 bacteria per mL. What fraction of the cells is single infected?