Which of the following is not among the first line of defenses against infection? *         a. skin       b. lysozyme in saliva       c. resident populations of bacteria       d. complement activation       e. flushing action of diarrhea

Q: Identify which of the following immune responses is pivotal to the killing and elimination of…

A: The helminths are a type of parasite that has a worm-like structure. They survive by feeding on the…

Q: Which is not one of the four characteristic symptoms of inflammation a-Redness b-Swelling c-Pain…

A: Introduction: Inflammation is the procedure by which ones brain's white blood cells and also the…

Q: plement system of defense is opsonization. This process  A.) creates an acidic environment that…

A: Pathogen can be defined as the infectious agent is considered as the biological agent that  will…

Q: The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n)       A) phagocyte.…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of defence in the body.

Q: Which of the following statements is most correct regarding SCIDs?a. They are the least severe form…

A: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic immunodeficiency illness that renders the…

Q: Which of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20…

A: The complement system is otherwise known as complement cascade and is associated with the immune…

Q: In HIV, helper T cells are affected. Describe how this impacts both the humoral and cell- mediated…

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system of the body. It creates…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: Which term is used to describe hypersensitivity of the immune system to reLatively harmless…

A: The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes).…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense? a. mucus b.…

A: The body is protected from pathogens by various antipathogenic mechanisms going on in the various…

Q: Which of the following statements best characterizes interferons?

A: Answer ; Option (A) is right. - Interferons are a nonspecific defense used to respond to viruses. -…

Q: Bacterial capsules a. kill phagocytes b. prevent engulfment by phagocytes  c. prevent the…

A: The capsule is referred to as a pathogenicity since it increases bacteria's potential to produce…

Q: When the body is exposed to the same virus a second time, the immune response is Accompanied by…

A: Any foreign substances or pathogen can be harmful to an organism. Hence, the organism will develop…

Q: Which pathway of complement activation acts in conjunction with the action of antibodies? А. the…

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to resist infections by pathogens or it is the…

Q: Which one of the following most correctly describes vaccines containing live, attenuated pathogens?…

A: An attenuated vaccine (also known as a live attenuated vaccination, LAV) is a vaccine that is made…

Q: Which of the following activities leads to the redness of inflammation? Group of answer choices…

A: Inflammation is the response of the immune system of the body to potentially harmful factors like…

Q: All of the following are true of some or all complement proteins except _____. a. they are soluble…

A: The complement system is part of the immune system which involves specialized proteins that aid the…

Q: Which of these events is not a part of the second line of defense? You may have more than one…

A: Our body has mainly three line of defence. Defensing foreign substances is important to ensure good…

Q: Variable amino acid sequences on the arms of the antibody moleculea. make the antibody specific for…

A: Antibodies are Y-shaped immunoglobulin proteins. They are made of four polypeptide chains - two…

Q: Antibodiesa. prevent antigens from binding together.b. promote phagocytosis.c. inhibit…

A: Answer: Introduction: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin, a protein formed by the immune…

Q: Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers…

A: There are many microbes which act as pathogen infect the food these pathogens easily enters our gut…

Q: When virus enters into our body, many cells acquire antiviral state due to: a Acquiring resistance…

A: When virus enters our body many cells acquire antiviral state due to INTERFERON PRODUCTION (e)

Q: Antibodies, complement proteins, and phagocytic cells provide effective protection against all of…

A: The human body is under constant attack by desiccating agents from all over in the form of…

Q: Contact dermatitis: A. is antibody mediated B. is both a type I hypersensitivity reaction and is…

A:

Q: Two of the major actions of complement are a. increased inflammatory response and cytolysis. b.…

A: The complement system gets activated when it comes in contact with the antibody molecule that is…

Q: What are the roles of the innate immune system? Select all that apply.   A. identity self vs.…

A: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can cause humans to become ill or die depending on the…

Q: In what process is tumor necrosis factor (TNF) not involved?a. chemotaxis of phagocytesb. fever c.…

A: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and other immune cells as an…

Q: are cytolytic proteins that binds to target cell's plasma membrane to form pores. a. Chemokines b.…

A: The immune system is a network of cells and  proteins which form a various level of barrier to…

Q: Column B Type of immunity A. Innate Column A Clinical situation Trauma patient receives…

A: Immunity  Immunity is defined as the ability to fight against an infection caused by a foreign…

Q: Which of the following does not accurately describe complement components?   A. made by the spleen…

A: The complement system is the major effectors of the humoral branch of immune system; this is the…

Q: A(n) _____ is an inactive form of an enzyme that frequently participates in a cascade of enzymatic…

A: An enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of a reaction without getting used up in…

Q: Which is true regarding the innate immune system? A) O Opsonization is responsible for destroying…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: Suppose a person recovers normally from viral infections, but then gets the same viral infections…

A: The B-lymphocytes or the B-cell and the the T-lymphocytes are t-cells are very important for the the…

Q: Match the term in column A with its description in column B.

A: A) Classical pathway of Complement activation: It is one of the pathway which is used to activate…

Q: Toll-like receptors (TLRS) act to A. cause phagocytic chemotaxis. B. induce phagocytosis. C. bind…

A: The immune system of any living being is important for its living or survival. When the immune…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true regarding the alternative complement pathway? It can be triggered…

A: There are three types of complement pathways: Classical pathway Alternative pathway Lectin pathway

Q: The cytolytic action of the complement system is most similar to the action ofa. interleukin-1.b.…

A: Complement system- It is a cascade system, plays a role in immune system by enhancing the antibodies…

Q: Which of the following is not involved in first line defense? a-Mucus membranes b-Saliva c-Sweat…

A: Introduction :- The mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea (windpipe), lungs, stomach, intestines, ureters,…

Q: Three effects of complement activation: (1) inflammation (2) opsonization (3) cytolysis of…

A: The complement system is made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one…

Q: Which part of the immune system does not target specific new variants of the COVID 19 invaders? A)…

A: It can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate…

Q: Which cell type, molecule, or process listed below does not has a function or role in both the…

A: Answer Macrophages are phagocytes derived from blood monocytes. The monocyte is a small spherical…

Q: The dead outer surface of skin (not mucous membranes) uses which of the following innate defenses to…

A: Skin Barrier One of the most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of 3…

Q: 5. Which of the following does not describe the outcome of complement activation? a. chemotaxis b.…

A: Complement is a network of plasma proteins that may be triggered directly by pathogens or indirectly…

Q: Type of specific resistance that has been introduced to the body is already antibodies that provide…

A: A. Natural immunity:- It is a kind of immune response/immunity that the body develops on its own…

Q: Complement must be inactivated because if it were NOT, A. protein synthesis would be inhibited, thus…

A: It is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to…

Q: Which components are considered a barrier to pathogen entry? all that apply Select one or more: a.…

A: pathogens are microorganisms which can cause disease and disorders in humans when they enter the…

Q: Compare the cells & moleculesthat produce Humoral Immunitywith those that produce Cell-Mediated…

A: Humoral immunity involved the production of antibodies called the immunoglobulin and is brought…

Q: If the patient's mother had previously vaccinated her son against chickenpox, what form of immunity…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against different microorganism. They are of 2 types -…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.