Axon

Introduction The nervous and endocrine systems both function to maintain the stability of the internal environment. While both systems may work together as a single Neuroendocrine system, the systems may also work alone performing communications, integration and control within the body. (Patton and Thibodeau, 2010) The endocrine system consists of eight major glands; the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pineal body, reproductive organs and the pancreas. These glands are widely separated

been very well characterized in vitro studies. In fact, the oligodendrocyte formation is very crucial in embryogenesis as well as in the postnatal development of the individual. To be more specific, these cells are essential for myelinating neuronal axons in the central nervous system and thus allowing fast conduction of electric impulses along the neurve fibres. Oligodendrocyte death leads to demyelination process, a pathological feature of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute

Next, the axon hillock, which is located at the end of the soma; controls the firing of the neurons. If the total strength of the signal exceeds the threshold limit of the axon hillock, the structure will fire a signal down the axon. The axon is the elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and passes on the neural signal. The faster the information moves, the larger the axon is. Lastly, the terminal buttons, which are located

impulses? A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along an axon. There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings, like a tiny battery. When the nerve is activated, there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon, caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse. How fast are they? The speed of nerve impulses varies

sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple Sclerosis"or "many scars"

(Schattling, 2013). Growing up, this disease has personally affected my family, and seeing a first hand account of the burden and turmoil that this disease causes for all of its patients it is critical to understand how this disease degenerates neurons and axons. The key players in this process are nervous system ion channels that regulate the influx and efflux of sodium and calcium, whether through exchangers or voltage-gated channels. There are normal molecular settings in neurons and there are MS molecular

the entorhinal cortex\cite {1}\cite{2}\cite{3}\cite{4}\cite{5}. The axons, projecting from the superficial second layer of entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus and CA3, constitute for the perforant pathway and are strictly unidirectional and excitatory \cite{2}. Whilst layer II neurons of entorhinal cortex innervate the neurons found in dentate gyrus and the CA3 neurons, neurons from layer III of entorhinal cortex send their axons to subiculum and CA1. The granule cells, synonymously called principal

During development, neurons extend their axons and dendrites to establish proper connections in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS). This wiring process is largely controlled by extracellular cues, which activate receptors on the responding neurons. In turn, these receptors initiate signaling cascades that ultimately alter actin and microtubule dynamics, and these changes are translated into diverse cellular responses (1,2). Multiple studies have demonstrated that guidance cues

The electrical begins as neurotransmitters stimulate a cascade of reaction that lead to the depolarization and repolarization of the axon. The neuron is not processing a signal, it is in a state known as resting potential; the resting potential is a net charge of the cell based on the ion gradient established in the intracellular and extracellular matrix (~70 mV). The interior of the

The neuron’s cell body (the part of the neuron which contains the nucleus) contains branch-like structures known as dendrites, which receive information from the axon—a long tail-like portion of the neuron. This information then travels to other neurons via chemicals called neurotransmitters (Pastorino & Doyle-Portile, 2015). The axon is coated by a wax-like substance called myelin, composed of segments known as myelin sheaths. Corrosion of the myelin sheaths may adversely affect a sensory input