Low-density lipoprotein

Brief Introduction (max 200 words) Although it was believed for a long time that second-hand smoke only affects smokers, since the early 1980s it has been known that non-smoking family members of smokers have twice the risk of experiencing heart attacks than those in non-smoking households. Consequently, people living and working in environments that contain second-hand smoke suffer coronary heart diseases (CHD) due to the toxic substances of tobacco smoke. Key concepts (max 500 words) Second-hand

defined as, “medications that reduce the blood pressure”. These medications will slow down the heartbeat. There is also the term low-density lipoprotein. Low-density lipoprotein is “bad cholesterol”, or the cholesterol that will block the arteries in the heart, causing blockage, and maybe heart attacks. The exact opposite to this type of cholesterol is high-density lipoprotein; the kind that the body needs to

body, cholesterol travels through bloodstream in packages known as ‘lipoproteins’. Lipoproteins are composed of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside. However, high blood cholesterol is harmful for us. High blood cholesterol is responsible for coronary heart disease (coronary artery disease) which affects the heart. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are responsible for heart disease while the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) does not cause heart disease. Coronary heart disease is a condition

and testosterone, and aids in digesting fats. Cholesterol is a combination of a steroid ring structure and a hydroxyl group (Figure 1). It is important to note that there are two types of cholesterol: LDL, which is low-density lipoprotein and HDL which stand for high-density lipoprotein. LDL is considered the “bad cholesterol” because it contributes to fatty buildup in the arteries which can later lead to heart disease or a

from body and tissues and carrying them to the liver by the help of lipoprotein molecules. The cholesterol molecules will then be redistributed to other body tissues or removed from body by the liver. The activity of LCAT enzymes which adds cholesterol molecules to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is called Alpha-LCAT activity. When LCAT enzymes add cholesterol molecules to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein, the activity is called Beta-LCAT activity. The mutation in gene

was gathered from the famished hamsters for plasma lipid testing and then ordered according to their plasma VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations. Hamsters with cholesterol concentrations exceeding 1.86 mmol/L were put into the Medium group and ones with concentrations that were lower than 1.86 mmol were placed in the Low group for

(NHLBI, 2012). Nonetheless, not all cholesterol that enters our bodies is good for us. The American Heart Association (AHA) (2015) states that cholesterol cannot be dissolved in the blood, and therefore must be transported through the blood by lipoproteins, or

The arteries get narrowed stopping the red blood cells to reach the heart. This process is is called atherosclerosis and the fatty material is called atheroma. The fatty material that builds up in the arteries is mostly low density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. Lipoprotein is a molecule that carries cholesterol throughout the bloodstream. Cholesterol is a fat that is produce by the liver from the saturated

High-density lipoprotein or HDL is a good cholesterol. HDL is good for your body because it helps remove cholesterol from the arteries and protects against dangerous blockages (plaques) in the arteries. HDL cholesterol is also less likely than other forms of cholesterol to oxidize and leave sticky plaques on artery walls. HDL particles are more dense than LDL particles, hence the names "high-density" and "low-density" lipoproteins. HDL acts as a cholesterol scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol

INTRODUCTION Dyslipidemia is a medical condition of disordered lipid metabolism in the body. Three characteristics of this disorder are elevated serum levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low levels of High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). This disorder is seen at all ages, and its etiology is either genetic or of lifestyle choices (1). Therapy has included statins, niacin treatment, and/or a combination of both. Extended-release and immediate-release