Nociception

Generally, acute stress induces analgesia (found, e.g., among athletes injured in games and soldiers injured in battle), while the effects of chronic stress in nociception are less predictable [211]. Epidemiological studies have implicated stress (psychosocial and physical) as a trigger of first onset or exacerbation of many painful disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome [212] and low back pain [213]. An individual’s

The phantom limb pain the woman is experiencing is described as a painful condition of the amputated limb after the stump has completely healed. It is a chronic pain that occurs in more than 80% of amputees especially those who suffered pain in the limb before the amputation. Theories suggest that phantom limb pain results from redevelopment or hyperactivity of cut peripheral nerves, scar tissue or neuroma formation in the cut peripheral nerves, spinal cord deafferentation, and alterations in the

Introduction The Biopsychosocial Model is an all-encompassing model aimed to improve the quality of care provided to patients with respect to the biological, psychological and social aspects of their illness. The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness integrates biological factors, psychological factors and social factors into one model (Engel, G.L., 1977). In this essay, I will utilise this model to guide my research in relation to post-operative surgical pain and explore the benefits of its

some this may be a factor that negatively impacts their healing process, while others are able to recognize the pain for what it is; the body’s way of processing a stimulus to sense potential harm. At a basic level the body senses pain through nociception (Julius et al., 2001). The initial stimulus (the injury) occurs and the cells of the body in that area alert the nerves close by. This impulse is sent to the brain through the spinal cord and the body begins the

ulcers from healing [9]. The factors that are involved in the development of DFUs can be categorised mainly into causative and contributing factors [13]. The most common causative factor is profound peripheral neuropathies, which often inhibits nociception as aforementioned. Peripheral neuropathies occur due to the sustained hyperglycemic state of a diabetic patient which generate oxidative stress and glycosylate nerve cells. Consequently, the risk of developing DFUs increases as the patients are

How does the human brain work? This was been the question that many scientists have tried to answer. Many scientists can give you many different kinds of answers about the subject, but how do we know what is true or not. Over the years there were many answers to this question that were true and false. In this essay I will talk about the top four myths about the human brain: the myth that humans only use ten percent of the brain, the myth that the bigger the brain the better, the myth that a person's

Introduction Many people suffer from chronic widespread pain within their body. Physical pain can be described as unpleasant sensory experiences provoked by real or perceived tissue damage. The perception of pain and nociception can be induced at pressures and temperatures that are tremendous enough to cause some sort of injury or damage. Pain can also be portrayed as a variety of sensations such as lancinating, stabbing, pricking, burning, throbbing, cramping, and aching. Noxious stimuli are detected

visceral are structures that can be affect by acute pain. Now chronic pain, last longer than 3 months when compared to acute pain. “It may be ongoing or intermittent. Changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems that causes dysregulation of nociception and pain modulation processes are thought to lead to chronic pain” Huether & Mccane (2017). Psychological changes are noted with chronic pain that might have an effect on the individual’s lifestyles. “ As chronic pain progresses, certain behavioral

(COX-2), with a slightly increased affinity for COX-1. Inhibition of these enzymes by ketorolac primarily prevents the production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), a chemical mediator and subclass of prostaglandin active in many body functions, including nociception, inflammation, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, gastric acid and mucus secretion, renal vasculature constriction and dilation, and febrile reactions. Alterations to these body functions as a result of changes in PGE2 production are responsible

Question: The authors hypothesized that HU-444 will not convert into THC-like molecule in the human body. Therefore, HU-444 will not show any psychotropic effects. Which data in the paper supports the hypothesis? What other experiments could be conducted to prove this hypothesis? Justify your answer. Answer: HU-444 is a novel compound derived from Cannabidiol (CBD). CBD, which is present in the Cannabis sativa plant, is non-psychotropic in nature (Mechoulam et al., 2002). CBD, however, is converted