Osculum

All the sponge parameters measured in our study in between the two discrete depth zones revealed a clear statistical difference and consistently higher values for the shallow location except from the sponge surface area (Median shallow,deep = 85, 152 cm2, respectively) and oscular number per sponge area (Median shallow,deep = 0.04, 024 cm2 respectively). Similar to our study of turbidity in the previous section the parameters given above for the deeper zone was higher for the sponges with lesser

Primary cilia’s function is similar to one another. Similarly, the cilium are involved in sensing chemical activity, sending signals through calcium wave. By removing the cilia or the osculum, sponges lose their ability to ‘sneeze”, which is used by freshwater sponges to unload their waste. Cilia is present in the osculum of all sponges that have been examined, displays the common sensory organ in Porifera (Leys 2015). The nervous system did evolve once through the common ancestry, however sponges and

In Cyropaedia (370 BC), Xenophon wrote about the Persian custom of kissing in the lips upon departure while narrating the departure of Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC) as a boy from his Median kinsmen.[11] According to Herodotus (5th century BC), when two Persians meet, the greeting formula expresses their equal or inequal status. They do not speak; rather, equals kiss each other on the mouth, and in the case where one is a little inferior to the other, the kiss is given on the cheek.[12][13] During

1) Discuss the basic body plan for organisms in phylum porifera. In your answer, be sure to also explain why sponges are considered multicellular organisms even though they do not have any tissues. You should also describe the key cell types that the sponges might possess, and explain the various modes of sponge reproduction. If poriferans possess any organs, you should also describe these organs and how they function. Finally, your answer should also include a discussion of the various taxonomic

Sponges. When we hear that word, most of us think of the crusty sponge sitting next to the sink. Well, what if I told you that there is an entire world of sponges that are living creatures at the bottom of the ocean? It's true, and I'm here to tell you about it. Sponges are the basalmost clade of animals of the phylum Porifera. They are multicellular parazoan organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched

survive there are a few structures that water must go through. To get inside the sponge, the water must travel through tiny holes called ostia. The water then flows into an opening called the spongocoel, and finally out of the sponge through the osculum. Inside the spongocoel are tiny flagella which capture the food particles necessary for the sponge’s survival. If the sponge is more complex than the pathway to the spongocoel is more complex. This results in more flagella which will result in more

of parts that perform the task of digestion. For example, the sponge has pores on the outside of the majority of its body that are used as a mouth. Those pores, along with current canals, allow water in through their central opening, known as the osculum. The nutrients go through those currents, then to its cilia and stomach. Other body tools that the sponge uses in digestion include the choanocytes, that allow prey in, and the flagella, that makes a current to get the water into the mouth. Similar

Organ Systems Project (Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Reproductive, Nervous) There is an enormous variety of life on our planet Earth ranging from simple cell bacteria to complex multicellular animals. Animals are creatures in the kingdom Animilia, one of the kingdoms in Whitakers 5 kingdom system. Their bodies consist of 555tanimal eukaryotic cells. Meaning their cell or cells contain a nucleus, are surrounded by a cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and can self-reproduce in a free

1. Microvilli- epithelial tissue, function is to increase surface area ( 472) 2. Brush boarder- The microvilli on the free surface of a epithelial cell (472) 3. Cilia- occur in some epithelial cell, such of those lining of trachea (472) 4. Simple squamous epithelium- occur as single layer of the flattened cells tightly held together ( 473) 5. Simple cuboidal epithelium- consist of single layer cubed-shaped ( 473) 6. Simple columnar epithelium- consist of single layer of long column-shaped( 473)

The human mind has always tried to grapple with inconsistencies, misfortunes, and differences. Without true success, humans have pinpointed possible influences and causes of misfortunes or tragedies within their communities. For many people in the 1600’s, witchcraft was a possible answer to a lack of success in pinpointing the cause of tragedies. Gossip was the the primary root in all such instances of witchcraft, weaving stories and accusations in private. These accusations of witchcraft did not