Phasor measurement unit

mass produce the profit margin will substantially decrease, and the price of the item for consumers will need to be increased to maintain the cost of operations for the company making the product. This means that because the US uses a different measurement system than the rest of the world and has different sizes of products, that any business that makes things for our country has fewer potential buyers and a higher cost to make each item. This means that if that business converted to the metric system

frameworks speak to this area in an unexpected way. The ANSI/NIST standard indicates units of separation as far as 0.01 mm from a starting point in the base left corner of the picture. For instance, a 500 x 600 pixel picture examined at 19.69 pixels for each millimeter (ppmm) has measurements 25.39 x 30.47 mm which in standard units of 0.01 mm is Along these lines, the pixel facilitate (200, 192) will be spoken to in standard units at where the Y-arrange is measured from the base of the picture upward. Details

When the United States separated from Britain they kept the original Imperial measurement system despite disregarding the previous government. Ever since America has used inches, feet, and yards as standard measurement. However, while the U.S. continued to use the imperial system other countries progressed. In 1799, after the french revolution, France converted to the metric system. Invented by Gabriel Monton in France 1670, the metric system uses common powers of ten to measure weight and lengths

We shouldn’t have to teach students two different measurement systems just because we

non-linear loads. As a result, many approaches have been created to identify critical power system, buses and lines. The largest concern to the electric utility industry is voltage stability. In this paper, Phasor information (magnitude and phase angle) is provided by Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) technology [8, 9]. In this paper, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is used to detect the voltage instability, RNN is a powerful learning algorithm. Several

Abstract— Voltage instability is one of the major power system problems which have appeared since the existence of the power systems. This paper investigates the performance of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in voltage instability early prediction. Voltage instability early detection is necessary for avoiding voltage collapse which can lead to power system fast breakdown. In this research, the bus voltage phase is considered as the main factor of power system voltage instability early detection

false data injection (FDI) attacks. The proposed strategy is based on calculation of the risk of the attack and the optimal budget allocation on the measurements. The method has been formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Multiple researchers have addressed the same problem but with the assumption that some meter measurements can be fully protected or without considering the risk of the attack. The validation of the proposed method has also been evaluated based on various

Information Metering and Measurement Study in information metering and measurement can be classified into smart metering, and smart monitoring and measurement. In the following, this classification in point. a)Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important mechanism used in the Smart Grid for obtaining information from end users’ devices and appliances, while also controlling the performance of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are themselves built upon

the external controller, if exists, is to alter the reference signals which decides the practical operation of the SSSC so as to accomplish the desired system performance. The block diagram of the SSSC controller is represented in Figure 3.13. A measurement block is utilized to get the vital variables to be handled in the control procedure. The computation of the infused reactance is accomplished by separating the infused voltage by the line current (rms values). The computed infused reactance is then

of Extra High Voltage Transmission Line Using Distance Protection Introduction: Distance protection is the most widely used to protect transmission lines. The fundamental principle of distance relaying is based on the local measurement of voltages and currents, where the relay responds to the impedance between the relay terminal and the fault location [1]. There are many types of distance relay characteristic such as mho, reactance, admittance, quadrilateral polarized-mho, offset