Vibrio

newts when kept in captivity, suggesting a non-exogenous origin. For the symbiotic microorganism hypothesis, TTX is argued to be produced by microorganisms living symbiotically with TTX bearers. The first bacterial strain reported to produce TTX was a Vibrio isolated from a xanthid crab. This was followed by several studies involving TTX-producing bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas, Actinomyces, and Serratia. Despite the extensive studies on the origin of TTX and attempts in elucidating

of microbial life, supplied with nutrition from debris, allows for growth and transmission of multi-drug resistant pathogens (2). Microorganisms most commonly found on banknotes belong to the families Enterobacteriacea, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus

(TNF-ɑ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in various fish is a primary channel for β-glucan to improve innate immunity[14].The interaction of these mechanisms can protect the fish from a series of bacterial pathogens consisting of Aeromonas hydrophila[15] and Vibrio salmonicida

The production of toxins is responsible for the diseases brought by the bacteria. The different types of pathogenic bacteria are Clostridium botulinum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae. The virus always targets specific organs or tissues of the body. Some pathogenic viruses are Ebola virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Influenza virus, Norovirus, Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Zika

“What is quorum sensing -Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density.” One of the specific example of bacteria that use quorum sensing is bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, this is a cell produce and release small protein(peptide)into the environment. This bacteria is a causing agent

in the ocean. Desert dust supplies iron to the ocean, which many marine organisms need to live. A study presented at this year's meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in February found desert dust fueled the growth of Vibrios, a group

there. Now that you know this let’s find out what cholera even is first of all. First of all, according to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) it states,”Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by intestine with the bacterium vibrio cholerae.” In other words, cholera is a disease that starts on the inside of your body by germs. Another fact of Cholera is,”Approximately one in 10 (5-10%) infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea,

tissue and dysfunction of the shrimp’s digestive organ which is the hepatopancreas.As stated by Lightners team, EMS does not affect human. Moreover, they identified the EMS/AHPNS pathogen as a unique strain of relatively common bacterium which is the Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In conclusion, V.parahaemolyticus is infected by a

On December 28, 1992, a girl died of an E.coli O157:H7 infection, which was caused by a contaminated burger. The burger was processed at a supermarket chain named Von’s and served at a Jack In The Box in Carlsbad, California. Her name was Lauren Rudolph and she lived in San Diego. She was only 6 years old when she later died in her mother’s arms. Another three kids had died from this contaminated patty. Six hundred others fell ill after eating the patty also. In the mid-1990s’, cases of E.coli has

bacteria), cocci (circular bacteria), vibrio (comma-shaped bacteria), etc. • Classified as gram-positive or gram-negative based on the thickness of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria stains purple under the dye while Gram-negative bacteria stains pink • Can be killed with antibiotics and can develop antibiotic resistance • They transfer their chromosomes through a sex pilus • Some bacteria exist as part of the normal microflora of the body • They cause diseases e.g. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera • They