9 And 737: Case Study

The second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States is related to transportation, the burning of oil to produce energy in a combustion motor. The combustion process inside of engines is what produces the carbon matter that is emitted into the air through the exhaust system on gas-powered vehicles. Gas-powered transportation is accountable for 24 percent of the global carbon emissions; this should not come as much of a surprise given the amount of urban sprawl that is being seen in the United States and across the globe. In the past decade, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States government, and major car manufacturers have been working in conjunction to find ways to provide a “greener” form of transportation (EPA, 2011). This has included testing the use of hydropower, ethanol, natural gas, biodiesel, and electricity as a means of powering vehicles, which has led to the introduction of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles run on electricity and gasoline, the byproduct of oil that is generally used in the engine combustion process of vehicles (U.S. Department of

A Peer-reviewed journal, Estimation of Carbon Footprint of Fuel Loss Due to Idling of Vehicles at Signalised Intersection in Delhi confirmed my concerns relating to carbon emissions whilst idling in traffic congestion by providing the calculation of the amount of carbon emissions produced by average car using petrol. CO2 emissions from a gallon of gasoline = 2,421 grams x 0.99 x (44/12) = 8,788 grams = 8.8 kg/gallon = 19.4 pounds/gallon or litre equivalent CO2 emissions from a gallon of diesel = 2,778 grams x 0.99 x (44/12) = 10,084 grams = 10.1 kg/gallon = 22.2 pounds/gallon or litre equivalent (Bhandaria, Paridab, and Singh 2013).

According to statistical data “Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy comes from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and diesel.” (United States Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.).

Initial research has shown that biodiesel, liter for liter, generates about 90 percent of the heat of traditional fossil fuels, and the resulting air emissions are significantly lower in sulphur, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Burning these fuels also does not contribute to global warming. Fossil fuels increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere because the carbon they release upon combustion has been locked away for millennia. The carbon released by the combustion of biodiesel first had to be removed from the atmosphere by the plant that produced the oils it was derived from. Thus, no net gain occurs when said carbon is released. Biodiesel is also safer for people and the environment since it is non-toxic and biodegradable. Oil spills will no longer be multi-million dollar environmental catastrophes.

Even if a vehicle can realistically maintain the doubled MPG standard, it is touted to save 2 million oil barrels per day or 84 million gallons per day. However, this only accounts for only a conservative 25% of the total 8.774 million barrels or 368 million gallons of gasoline consumed per day (USDOE). At the heart of this law is the cutting of 6 billion metric tons of harmful greenhouse gases over the lifetime of the program. Some may state that any decrease in greenhouse gases is a step forward. Either way, the typical passenger vehicle emits 4.7 million metric tons of harmful greenhouse gases per year (Greenhouse gas emissions). Considering the overall benefit of cutting out 6 billion metric tons, it is equivalent to taking 1,276 passenger vehicles off of the road. According to the USDOT, there were 253,639,386 registered vehicles on the road in 2012, which would reduce the amount of vehicles on the road by .0004% by the end of this

Whenever people think of diesel engines, they imagine black soot pouring out of a big rig on the interstate. While that has been correct in the past, the technology is arriving that changes people’s thoughts to that of a more ecologically friendly. Ever since Rudolf Diesel created the diesel engine, it has been written off as a smelly, inefficient, and dirty way of converting fossil fuels into power. Diesel noticed how the steam engines of the times were wasting 80-90% of the fuel they burn, making them very inefficient. After learning about how inefficient typical gas or steam engines were, he dedicated himself to create a clean burning engine. In the beginning, the stereotypes were completely accurate, but those same adjectives are simply incorrect in today’s times. These constant put downs by environmentalist are often uneducated and generalized by the small number of older, inefficient trucks that are still on the road. The modern diesel engine is an absolute marvel when it comes to the fuel efficiency, power output and societal benefits. While the light duty diesel pickup may be loud and intimidating, the benefits they provide society are vastly underappreciated and need to be more thoroughly recognized.

There were also some unknown variables that needed to be taken into account. Development and per-copy costs were the costs that the board wanted to minimize. The forecast assumes that development costs would be $8 billion. There was great uncertainty surrounding the manufacturing cost of the 7E7. The element that adds the most uncertainty to the manufacturing costs are in the engineering of the aircraft. While the engineering costs could be high, Boeing was hoping that the lower construction costs of using the composite materials would compensate for the elevated engineering costs.

Engines run on petroleum. Petroleum is used in many products such as plastics, ink paint, shoe polish, nylons, roof shingles, novelty candy, cosmetics, candles, vaseline, bug biller, ammonia, tires, asphalt, crayons, paper, cups, and wax paper. Although petroleum may be useful in many applications, the best used for petroleum is diesel fuel for many reasons. One reason diesel fuel is the best and most efficient use for petroleum is that diesel fuel contains about 14% more energy by volume than gasoline. This makes diesel fuel the most efficient fuel for use in automobiles and trucks. Diesel fuel is especially the most efficient fuel for use in towing all types of vehicles for many reasons. One reason diesel engines are better for towing is that they have more low end torque because of their higher compression ratios. A diesel engine 's compression ratio is between 15:1 and 23:1 compared to the compression ratio of a gasoline engine which is 10:1 to 12:1 but if the compression ratio is raised from 10:1 to 15:1, the thermal efficiency will improve by roughly nine percent. Diesel engines also deliver twenty-five to thirty percent better fuel economy than similar performing gasoline engines. When compared to a 4.0 liter gasoline engine, the Cummin’s 4BT3.9 diesel engine is much more fuel efficient engine.

Fossil fuels well that’s a thing that I have always taken for granted until I saw the documentary of Crude Impact. Well I did know that the population is increasing abundantly but what I didn 't know is when the consumers increase in such a vast number so does the production. Now imagine this just one person has 30,000 items that relates to fossil fuels and multiply by the seven billion on our world population. That’s a great quantity of items that relates to fossil fuels in our daily lives. People need to start getting a reality check of what may happen if we continue to use our fossil fuels so much we may lead to environmental degradation. For instance, in the Titanic even though the ship was sinking many people said this is an

In this case Boeing faces a number of challenges in determiningthe viability of bringing forth the 7E7 aircraft series. Aircraft manufacturersbringing forth a new product has to take extra care since a miss in this assessment can place a company in a position to fail the result of huge cash outflows required. Boeing faced stiff competition from French based Airbus and had not brought forth a successful new product in recent years. Since the September 11th attacks travel had taken a drop in general and Boeing was making assumptions regarding future needs and opportunities. This included the willingness of travelers to pay 5% more for efficiency and the increase of hub and spoke travel for airlines requiring flexibility in

“Methanol,” frequently termed as wood energy is consumed as substitute energy. Such supple-energy automobiles can utilize M85 type of ‘methanol.’ This is a blend of eighty-five out of a hundred of methanol and about fifteen out of a hundred petrol. The other substitute energy is biofuel, which is based on vegetable oils or animal fats. It may also be produced from recycled oils from restaurants after being used for cooking. This calls for engine conversion so that they can burn biodiesel in its pure state (Adrian, 2007). ‘Biodiesel’ can be blended with petrol-diesel and get utilized in original locomotives. It is decomposable, and decreases contaminants (‘particulate’ substance, ‘carbon monoxide,’ and ‘hydrocarbons’) associated with the use of fossil fuels in vehicles. ‘Propane’ can also be used as substitute energy and it is a byproduct of “natural gas.” It is more consumed as energy for cooking and heating and it automobiles it produces fewer emissions than gasoline. Another substitute energy is hydrogen which is mixed with ‘natural gas’ to create substitute energy for vehicles designed with interior incineration locomotive capacities.

It is quite simple as our population grows, we have more people needing more things. These could include the use of electricity, cars, gas and so forth. All of these things are negatively effecting our globe. The more cars and trucks we have driving on the highway the more green gas emission that is being emitted. Even worse, according to Schmidt the author of Environmental Health perspectives, diesel-powered automobiles, they are what make up half of the European passenger fleet yet they contribute 80% of traffic-related emissions and diesel exhaust is also associated with other air pollutants. The reason this is such a big deal is because it kills people. Some of the pollution emitted is ground level ozone, which can travel deep into human lungs and elevate risks for DNA damage, hearts attacks, and premature deaths. (Schmidt)

Diesel fuel is different from gasoline. It is heavier and oilier because it is less refined than gasoline, which actually makes it cheaper to produce. It has a higher energy density than gasoline as well, which means per gallon of gasoline, more power can be released. This, accompanied with the higher compression ratio in diesel engines, produces higher fuel economy than similar sized gasoline engines. (Diesel Fuel)

There have been many advancements in reducing emissions of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Every month we hear of another vehicle running on petroleum fuels, reducing emissions, and increasing efficiency. "Direct diesel injection into ICE cylinders increases mileage by 20%," (DiChristina, 43), for example. Also, ozone precursor release in the 1960's was on average 324 lb/Yr., whereas now it is 21 lb/Yr. In 2001 it is expected to be 12 lb/Yr., a 96% improvement (Derr, 30). But this paper is examining non-petrol fuels. There are also many advancements

Carbon dioxide is released primarily by burning coal and petroleum products such as gasoline(Lerner). According to the AMS( American Meteorological Society), human activity is affecting the climate of the Earth and the primary cause of air pollution. Even though U.S. has been effectively resolve the problem with air pollution; however, according to the UN( United Nations), the early year of 2007, we produced twenty percent of the world’s total emissions(Bill). In addition, it is predicted that in the next decade, the amount of emission that the U.S. produces will be approximately twenty percent higher than in 2007(Bill) and reach the pollution level that of china and it will be almost impossible to recover from such catastrophe.