A Research Study On Osteoporosis

The management of osteoporosis patients start with the diagnosis by rolling out secondary causes and then confirm it by measuring bone mineral density (BMD). After that, begin the treatment with lifestyle changes, pharmacological medications, and surgery for some fractures if needed. In this essay I will cover generally the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis in five steps.

There are a plethora of health issues that contribute to bone loss, such as nutrition (low calcium consumption) and rarely engaging in exercise, people who have an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking or extreme alcohol usage are also at risk. “Bone loss in adolescence and early adulthood can be a result of a failure to attain peak bone mineral density, and accelerated bone loss may be particularly noted around menopause and in later years” (Lin, 2014, para. 1). Though the exact cause is unknown, additional sources may include latent health disorders such as thyroid problems.

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the mass of bone is decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner, making bone weaker and prone to fractures. The World Health Organization (WHO)(1994) has defines postmenopausal osteoporosis abased on the bone density. Bone density is based on the number of standard deviations away from the mean bone mineral density of a young adult reference population, a T-score. Normal bone mass density is 0 to -.99 standard deviations, low bone density (osteopenia) is -1.0 to -2.49 standard deviations, osteoporosis is labeled as less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations, and severe osteoporosis is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations and included a bone fracture.

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

(Kling, J. M., Clarke, B. L., & Sandhu, N. P., 2014, p. 567). Osteoporosis risk factors

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

The National Osteoporosis Foundation1 (NOF) claim approximately 54 million Americans live with osteoporosis. According to the NOF, osteoporosis can be characterized as a disorder in which an individual’s body breaks down bone at a rate faster than it can be created and as a result bones lose density and weaken.1 Fracturing of bones occurs much easier, and individuals with osteoporosis often are forced to change their lifestyles in order to adapt to living with this disorder.1 Osteoporosis is most commonly diagnosed in individuals older than 50 years of age, postmenopausal women, and those taking steroid treatments.1 Certain criterion exist to evaluate the efficacy of osteoporosis medications: bone mineral density (BMD), bone

Osteoporosis is a skeletal, chronic disease, which is characterized by diminished bone strength and deterioration of bone tissue, that results in increased fracture risk, especially in the wrist, hip, and spine (CDC,2012;NIH, 2001). In osteoporotic patients, bone mineral density (BMD) is ≥2.5 standard deviation below the mean for healthy young adults at the spine, femoral neck or total hip (Lewiecki et al., 2008).The disease is a common old-age problem and most prevalent among postmenopausal women and the elderly with high prevalence affecting 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men by the time they reach

Osteoporosis is a silent disease in which the bone mass is reduced, often the debilitating fracture happens (Anderson‐Wurf, Harding, & Seal, 2018); this means that a weakened bone mass results in disability and soreness (Sedlak, Doheny, & Jones, 2000). The osteoporosis risk can be decreased through improving bone mass in childhood, preserving bone mass in adulthood, and reducing bone mass damage in older age. A few ways to reduce osteoporosis risk are to follow healthy habits such as weight-bearing physical activity, consuming diets with high level of calcium and vitamin D, stopping smoking, and not drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or caffeine (Hernandez-Rauda & Martinez-Garcia, 2004).

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes the bones to become brittle and weak, so much that sometimes are they able to break from even something like a cough. The cause is as we get older the ability of our bones to make new bone becomes slower. Our bones start to break down faster than they can be made. A way to tell if you are in danger of getting osteoporosis is figuring out if as a child you attained more bone mass. If you have a lot, that's just less you have to make later in life. Chemically, your bones are breaking down like they would as a child to make room for new bone to be able to grow and regenerate. However that becomes slower and as you get it gets harder to regenerate that lost bone mass, therefore your bones become weaker. Some

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, too little bone, or both. Because of this, bones become weak and may break from a fall, or worse, break from sneezing or minor bumps (National Osteoporosis Foundation). Osteoporosis means “porous bone”. A healthy bone under a microscope looks like a honeycomb, when osteoporosis is taking place, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much larger than in the healthy bone. Bones that are osteoporotic have lost density, and contain abnormal tissue structure. When bones lose this density, they weaken and are more likely to break.

LO1. Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent skeletal disorder [1], which manifests as a deterioration in bone mass [1,2], contributing to an elevated risk of fracture [1,2]. Risk factors can be non-modifiable, including age, race (more common in Caucasian populations [1]), gender (women being more likely to be affected [1]), early menopause, small stature and a family history of osteoporosis [2]. Whereas, risk factors such as poor calcium and vitamin D intake, a lack of exercise, smoking and excessive alcohol intake, fall under the modifiable risk category [2]. Despite the asymptomatic nature of osteoporosis [1], patients can complain of pain, coupled with a visible deformity or apparent immobility [2]. Often fragility fractures, due to relatively

Bone formation and bone break down is a very important maintenance of the human body. After tooth eruption teeth move and need new bone to form constantly. Due to the wear of enamel on the interproximal and occlusal surfaces teeth are constantly moving in the mouth. For that reason, Osteoclasts are activated and they begin to breakdown old bone. On the opposite side of the tooth osteoblasts lay down new bone. With age however bone begins to change. When a person is young they have healthy, dense and smooth bone. When people age bone becomes less dense and jagged. When this begins to occur it is known as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a very common condition that affects the bone. This condition causes the bone to become very brittle and break down rapidly. This condition affects men and women worldwide. It is more common to occur in women than in men. Worldwide an estimated two hundred million women are affected with the debilitated conditions of osteoporosis (5). Women are diagnosed with this more often than men, it is because of the effects of menopause. Osteoporosis occurs when certain nutrients levels are not where they are supposed to be. Estrogen is one of the key nutrients to be low and become an onset for osteoporosis (7). Although women suffer more frequently from osteoporosis, men however tend to suffer more fatalities after a hip fracture due to osteoporosis (7). Other factors can play a role in the development of osteoporosis such as; people who smoke, have eating

The word osteoporosis means, “Porous Bone”. It is a disease in which the density and strength of the bone is weakened over time. As this process happens over time the risk for fracture increases. Since there is no real symptoms for this disease many sufferers don’t even realize their condition until a fracture has occurred. Most fractures occur in the hip, wrist, and spine. The bones become so weak and brittle that a fall or even a mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Thankfully there are early detection test available to prevent this and many ways to strengthen the bone before it happens. There are ways to manage those already effected with medication and healthy lifestyle. No longer does this disease need to debilitate one’s life.