A Short Note On Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a form of genetic testing. It is similar to the screening of abnormal chromosome count only used to test for genetic diseases. The fertility institutes have used this to take gender selection to the next level. Stating that this has a greater than 99,9% success rate.

Embryonic tissue that was removed is first tested for genetic abnormalities. This is done so that the healthiest embryos are frozen and implanted. Dr. Timothy Yeko, a medical director of the assisted reproductive technology program at the Reproductive Medicine Group in Tampa, talked about the genetic testing, “ Most of our patients now choose to have this genetic testing, which has come into widespread use in the past year or so. By doing this , the miscarriage rate has dropped by 50 percent because the genetically abnormal embryos are the ones that end in miscarriage.”

PGD is known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosing. I do not think it is ethical to design and conceive a child that meets specific genetic requirements. I do not feel that this is an ethical reason to conceive a child. Rather, I believe all children should be seen as blessings or gifts, not sacrificial genetic progeny.

Thirdly, the prenatal diagnostic tests including amniocentesis and CVS are “highly accurate ways to check for genetic disorders” (Intermountain healthcare, 2014). Both tests can confirm with 99 % of accuracy if a fetus has a genetic disorder. Additionally, CVS can be done early between weeks 10th – 13th of pregnancy to help confirm the presence of a genetic disorder. This again gives expectant parents time to make decisions in regard to whether they should keep or terminate the pregnancy and how to take care of their future baby with special needs if they decide to continue with the

Therapeutic genetic manipulation is preformed by doctors to prevent diseases that the baby is carrying. The baby is tested by screening the embryo for any possible unknown diseases. Sometimes the PGD or preimplantation genetic diagnosis technique is used for this ("Biotechnology special focus"). The main diseases PGD is used to test for in babies are Hunntington's disease, Tay-sacks, Alzheimers, Familia cancers, Sickle Cell disease, Hemophilia, Neurofibromatosis, Fanconi's Anemia, Cystic fibrosis and most recently, Down's Syndrome ("Hooray for designer babies", 2002). This technique involves removing the unfertilized egg from the female, mating it with a sperm and then testing it for diseases. If all the diseases are absent, the fertilized egg is planted into the mother's uterus to develop into a baby. Some other unpredictable diseases may also be carried in the baby's chromosomes. Chromosome carrying diseases and disorders include: miscarriage of the baby, physical birth defects or down syndrome (Biotechnology special focus").

One advantage is the ability to reduce the risk for diseases. Through procedures like pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), one can inspect embryos created by in vitro fertilization (IVF) for many genetic conditions (Macklin, 2014, para. 1). While this process can be extremely beneficial ensuring the health of future generations, it can be misused in many ways.

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a reproductive technology in which, embryos are genetically analysed, before either being implanted into the uterus or discarded. It is most commonly used to avoid genetic diseases. Many ethical issues have been raised due to the increasing use of this technology. Eugenics is the process of enhancing the gene pool, for the improvement of humanity. One objection to the use of PGD technology is that it is unethical as it will lead to negative outcomes associated with the past eugenic movement.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure used to identify genetic faults in embryos created with In-Vitro Fertilization. In the movie, GATTACA, PGD is the social standard. I disagree with the widespread use of PGD.

PGD is performed with IVF and followed by genetic screening for mutant gene. IVF stage, eggs are collected and fertilized by sperm in the laboratory to produce Zygotes. Then, these Zygotes carry on to growing in the laboratory for 3 days until reached eight cells stage. Biopsy of embryo is performed and extracted blastomere from each 6-8 cell stage embryo. Then, cell undergoes genetic screening for mutant gene. Un-carrier and unaffected embryos are transferred into mother’s uterus with confident no CF mutant gene for ensuring a quality of life for baby (Destouni, 2016).

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) or Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is a new way to test embryos for predisposed genetic diseases such as Huntington's disease or cystic fibrosis. Although Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis can be extremely expensive, it can eliminate genetic diseases and is a better alternative to amniocentesis. While preimplantation genetic diagnosis is around $50,000, lifelong medical care for a child with cystic fibrosis is over $300,000 and mental toll for you and your child. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is a safe and effective way to implant embryos without genetic disorders and can make it possible for a child to live a healthy life. Hundreds of families each year use PGD to have a successful pregnancy and a healthy child. Amniocentesis is a test

Historically, the most widely applied methods have been PCR for the detection of monogenic disorders and Fish for chromosome screening. However, in the last few years, the development of the a-CGH technique has enabled us to collect more information concerning the DNA of the embryo. It has been observed that this technique, when combines with blastocyst stage embryo collection, leads to the smallest number of false diagnoses and the highest pregnancy rates.

Pre implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a specific genetic technology used to select embryos before implantation. PGD is a screening test used to detect whether genetic or chromosomal disorders are present within the embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF). The embryos are screened before they are transferred to the uterus to enable the couples to make informed decisions about the embryo being implanted during the IVF process. Embryos that haven’t been affected by the genetic or chromosomal disorder can be selected to implant into the uterus

PGD is a procedure that combines In vitro fertilization and genetic screening. In vitro fertilization is a procedure that requires a large time commitment; the entire procedure lasts about four weeks. The woman receives daily injections for seven to twelve days to

Even though there are abnormalities often found, there have been fewer. Cases of various solemn diseases due to the process of genetic screening. This process analyzes a group of embryos to determine genetic vulnerability to a specific disease.  “Screening embryos is still highly controversial and even not allowed in some countries, but it appears to be a reasonable option for couples,” said the Institute 's director, Yury Verlinsky (Horsey).  Couples should acknowledge the diseases that their child could inherit, if there is a history of a serious disease in the family, the couple can consult about going through in-vitro fertilization.  Doctor’s will strive, with the couple, to carefully designate a healthy embryo,