A Strategy For Modeling Salton Sea Basin Future Climate Scenarios Based On Relationships Between Evapotranspiration And Precipitation

From the CER maps (Figure 9), it can be observed that in 2013 ISMR the entire region had witnessed high CER values while other years were partially cover by cloud drops of different radii. The high rainfall intensity during 2013 ISMR could be the manifestation of the high CER values observed during that year compared to the other years (Figure 12). However, the low CER values in the other years can be seen in conjugation with high aerosol loading during that period. Similar trend is also observed in LWP plots for the study area during 2012-15 ISMR (Fig 13). It is evident from the figure 9 that LWP varies from low to high values over the region while, it is more homogeneous in 2014 and 2015 ISMR. The OLR was considerably

The pattern of precipitation in Brisbane is not regular. The Bureau of Meteorology of Australia (2015) has mentioned that the number of rainfall days has decreased but the intensity of rainfall has increased. From the data below, we can demonstrate that the data is not following any particular trend. In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2014, rainfall received is just half of the amount of rainfall in 2010. Also, the intensity of rainfall received was highest in the days of months of December and January as compared to rainfall days of other months.

Heavy precipitation events that historically occurred once in 20 years are projected to occur as frequently as every 5 to 15 years by this late century. Short term droughts are expected to intensify in most regions. Longer term droughts are expected to intensify in larger regions in the Southwest. Flooding may intensify in many U.S regions. Climate change is affecting the groundwater availability also. Sea level rising and storms surges are expected to compromise the sustainability of coastal freshwater and

Quito is the capital city from Ecuador where is considering a high elevation area with approximately 2800 meters above sea level in its elevation. Also, the city is located in the center of Andean Region and it is influenced by the equatorial line with latitudes nearest to 0 grades and being in a Tropical Region without seasons (Figure 1). Moreover, Quito doesn’t present stations, only the city shows two times considered like a dry and a wet season. The mean temperature during the year has a mean in minimum about 9.0°C and a maximum 25.4 °C20, also presented a high precipitation near to 1126 mm on 2015 that let to have a high density cloud every year.

(Salton Sea Symposium, 1998) However , the condition of the Sea has drastically changed and so has the amount of healthy living organisms in the Sea. By the 1980�s the water level rose greatly and gave way to abandoned businesses, deteriorating structures and empty beaches. The above was due to the fact that evaporation is the only outlet to the Salton Sea , in fact 1.35 million acre feet of water is lost each year , thus increasing its salinity even more. The salinity of the Salton Sea has increased to 45,000 parts per thousand or 45 PPT; the Pacific Ocean is currently 35 PPT.

Where AET is actual evapotranspiration, P is the precipitation depth, and Q is runoff depth. Combined evaporation and transpiration from plants (evapotranspiration) is balanced by inflows as precipitation and outflows as runoff. Based on a research conducted by McGuiness (1963) for a period of seventeen years (1933-1949), the Rock Creek basin received an average precipitation of 43.5 inches, in which 12 inches was surface runoff. Therefore, if the precipitation and runoff values are substituted into the equation above, actual evapotranspiration rate of the basin equals 31.5 inches. However,

The first major problem is the Salton Sea is a salt lake with salinity levels 25% higher than our oceans according to a study conducted by the California Department of fish and Game (Cohen). The salinity levels are gradually rising due to the fact the sea has no outlet and water is only lost through evaporation, leaving dissolved salts behind. In addition, sitting at an elevation of 220

Albeit, ocean desertification is inevitable there are ways society may delay the progression of ocean desertification. Several tactical approaches could be applied to assist with remediating ocean desertification. In proposing a resolution for ocean desertification, it is beneficial to implement two types of strategies. After critically thinking, logically, it would be appropriate to apply a practical solution (i.e., build an infrastructure or reservoir) in conjunction with a process solution (i.e., framework or plan to address ocean desertification). I am not questioning research efforts or past research but I am questioning

The highest population which aligned with locality and climate requirements was Buenos Aries, with an urban agglomeration population of nearly 14 million. Situated along the east coast of Argentina, the city shares its boundaries with 24 other districts, forming the Greater Buenos Aries (Figure 6). This region spans over 3880 km2 with a population density of over 3500 persons/km2 (Table 3). However, within the city centre, i.e. in Buenos Aries alone, the population density increases to 14000 persons/km2. The two urban stations are located in Buenos Aries and in the surrounding district of El Parlomar. These stations are situated in central metropolitan areas with population densities of 15296 persons/km2 and 2926 persons/km2 (Table 2). These densities are in contrast with those found in the neighbouring regions of the rural weather stations. In Ministro Pistarini and on the outskirts of La Plata, the population density of the rural stations was estimated from the population density of the total internal province, with density of 20 persons/km2 (Table 2). Similarly, the elevation of the stations had a minimal difference of 7 m (Table

Generally, meteorological stations are placed only at the urban areas and their follow up is uncertain. In some cases, we need to estimate Evapotranspiration for planning in the large scale; it is rather difficult to classify land use for individual calculation in each land use. Therefore water balance is more suitable to understand the flux in a whole sub basin. The inflow and outflows are determined from stream flow and precipitation measurements and the difference between inflow and outflow over a relatively long period of time is used to estimate evaporation using the

Apart from any geographical and climatological distinction, the peculiar size and the morphological characterization of each city may play a role in affecting IRF. We calculate the potential increase in average

Where pij and EToij are precipitation and ETo of the j-th month of the i-th year and N is the total number of years of the available data. The normalized RDI (RDIn) is estimated as follows:

The DTR was mostly below the mean from 2000 to 2014 while it was above the mean from 1984 to 1989, implying that the daily temperature range is significantly decreasing at all AEZs with varying confidence level. Similarly, significantly decreasing trends in DTR has been reported in Bale Econ region, particularly, at Filtu station (-0.18 °C decade-1) and DoloOdo station (-0.13 °C decade-1) over the 1983–2013 period respectively (Teferi 2017). Moreover, the work by Zhou et al. (2009) documented that there has been a decreasing trend in DTRs in some other part of the world, mainly in arid and semiarid regions.

Abstract: Continuous surfaces of rainfall climate variable are becoming increasingly used as input to spatially explicit atmospheric ,hydrologic ,ecologic and environmental models. Several methodologies exist for spatial interpolation of climate and weather parameters, among them is the ordinary kriging method .A large sampling effort is required to produce an accurate geostatistical map, and the extraction and analysis of each sample is often expensive, The effectiveness of a particular sampling scheme is dependent upon the spatial variability of the quantity being measured .In this paper ,we used the ordinary kriging method to estimate the rainfall distribution in Iraq. A total of 24 real points are used for evaluation. The results presents samples of maps for months January, October, March for years 2004, 2013 within the period of data.

The decision support tool viz. SDSM (Statistical Downscaling Model) was used to downscale climate data of future years for Kashmir province of Jammu & Kashmir state. The 21st century projected data for the A1B scenario was adjusted by using observed climatic data recorded during the period 1985-2015 for the region. The data from the same period was taken as the baseline for the analysis. This data was thereon analyzed for monthly, seasonal, cropping season and annual periods to enumerate the variation of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation in Kashmir valley of Jammu & Kashmir state in the 21st century. The modelled data obtained exhibited no significant change in maximum and minimum temperature for the period 2021-2050 but for the same period increase in annual precipitation was exhibited. For the period 2051-2100, decreasing trend of annual temperature was exhibited whereas for annual precipitation, an increasing trend was exhibited.