UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 ABOUT SUBJECT: Admiralty Law or Maritime Law is a distinct body of domestic laws that supervene upon the maritime activities (like marine commerce, sailors’ related aspects, marine navigation, marine shipping, marine salvaging and transportation of passengers and goods by sea). It has also been governing questions and offenses related to maritime activities and other sub-heads. Broadly, it is a more of a private international law related subject that governs the relationship between private entities that operate vessels on the oceans. Keeping in view the distinction with respect to the subject matters of Public and Private international law, it is mandatory to specify the distinction between The Law of the Seas and The admiralty law and the chapters succeeding will be a great source to enlighten the same. 1.2 HISTORY: The series that started with “The Law of Prize” as the governing Customary Law. Then came the 'the cannon shot ' rule that was developed by the Dutch Jurist (Cornelius van Bynkershoek), which talked about the limited National Rights granted to a specified belt of water extending from a nation 's coastlines that was usually 3 nautical miles (i.e., 5.6 km or Three-mile), it was so that all waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters (i.e., free to all nations but belonging to none of them). Later there emerged the conflict between Bourbon and Hapsbury which was settled in 1648 through the peace of
In the early 19th century, Britain and France were engaged in a life-or-death struggle. After much war through the years, France dominated a lot of Europe, though Britain was the ruler of the seas. When it became obvious that neither side was likely to win a decisive military contest, the warring nations turned to commercial warfare: Britain tried to blockade all of Europe, and France attempted to prevent the sale of British goods in their possession(http://gatewayno.com/history/War1812.html, War of 1812). During the 1790s, French and British maritime policies produced several crises with the United States, but after 1803 the difficulties became much more serious. In November of 1807, Britain issued a trade regulation called an Order in Council, which compelled all neutral ships to either call at British ports or be subject to a search by British authorities. A month later, Napoleon decreed
Throughout the wars between Revolutionary and Napoleonic France and Great Britain (1793–1801 and 1803–15), the belligerent powers of Europe repeatedly violated the maritime rights of neutral nations. The United States, endeavoring to market its own produce
A forum applies its own choice of law approach. So here North Montana will apply the Second Restatement of Conflicts of Laws as the state follows that approach. Under the Second Restatement, three main steps need to be considered: 1) whether the conflict is procedural or substantive, 2) whether a choice of law provision in a contract should be applied, and 3) the application of a choice of law rule. Here, it appears that the choice of law provision selecting Old York should be applied because none of the exceptions to the general rule apply.
When considering the facts of the Margolin’s lawsuit with the rules of jurisdiction, first one must understand when personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction would be applicable. As stated in the textbook, “Personal Jurisdiction is a court 's power to render a decision affecting the rights of the specific persons before the court. Generally, a court 's power to exercise in personam jurisdiction extends only over a specific geographic region.” (Kubasek, pg.42, 2009). Before a court can decide to implement control over a person, they require a minimum contact within the district in which the court is over. In this case, the minimum contact was established over the internet when Margolin inputted information over the internet that completed the business transaction. Since the contact is through the internet, and not within boundaries of the state of California or Florida, the court can exercise personal jurisdiction Margolin’s lawsuit over Funny Face and Novelty Now (Kubasek, 2009).
To Make this tactic more effective with such a small Navy, the states began legalizing privateering through the letters of marque and reprisal. This made it so that those with vessels could freely take over British ships without consequences in Colonies. This tactic proved to be extremely successful and in one year, it had collected a total of 450 different prizes (Lunsford, 2011).
Even bigger than that, two men were allowed to take out their own judgment by way of a gun duel based upon someone’s honor, or ego in some cases. All of these laws were a basic guideline of rules that the majority of people understood. Then the laws started to progress and become more decisive and more precise in order to get rid of all of the gray areas that people could exploit.
this law is developed through decisions by judges on a case brought before them, each jurisdiction is developed by its own
Can have seasonable non-navigability. But if not normally navigable and just occasionally navigable, then no admiralty jurisdiction.
The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference page—is consistent with APA formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements.
After George Washington’s declaration of neutrality towards the France conflict, Britain started seizing American ships and American cargos that were trading with the French West Indies with the aim to damage American neutrality. In order to put an end to Britain’s teasing, in 1794, the chief justice John Jay is sent
Other significant laws in the case involve Malo’s laws, these are the laws that reside on Mer, they are important as it is them that dictates how the island gets passed on.
Alfred Rubin, the prominent historian on English piracy law believes there may be some precedent for such a view. While acknowledging that the crown required special commissions to sail again pirates beginning in the sixteenth century, he contends that some jurists followed natural law. This approach meant that no such license was necessary to hang a pirate when delivering them to authorities was impractical. However, little evidence exists that this kind of frontier justice was anything beyond rumors and speculation. Once such account comes from Captain Charles Johnson’s account of “The Life of Captain Worley.” Captain Worley and a single crewmember were the sole survivors of a battle with Carolina forces in the Chesapeake on February 17th,
The global struggle between the French and the British empires influenced certain key events of American history. It all started on the 100 years’ War, this actually last one hundred and sixteen years since 1337 to 1453. The majority of this was due the determined goal to possess control of colonial territory. This war was between France and England, during this time the monarchy of France was not yet centralized, nor possessed a strong economy or organized army. England was less populated, but had a better organized economy their army was equipped with superior weaponry. The main reason of the war was the possession of the French territories. It was the last feudal war and most perfect example of this type of wars. At the beginning England took possession of French soil, but at the end of the war France was able to recover the territories occupied by the French, thanks to the intervention of Joan of Arc territories. In this paper I will explain important information regarding Britain and France influence on America such as, French and Indian War, Declaration of Independence, American Revolution, Quasi War, Louisiana Purchase, including important issues, ideas and events.
On the present case being addressed to the International Court of Justice in dealing with the matter of sovereignty over the Island of Manca, the issue of legality belonging to which side of the parties at dispute is put forward. The problem however, lies in, the period at which the dispute took place, for International law has not evolved at that time unlike in this day and age.
In common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. In modern usage, this body is generally a court. Writs are extraordinary legal remedies offered to individuals who do not obtain adequate protection under ordinary law. The main types of writs are warrants and prerogative but there are many others also.