Case Study #12
1. a. carbohydrate metabolism: maintain glucose levels within narrow range
i. Glycolysis: converts glucose to either lactate or pyruvate to form ATP ii. Gluconeogenesis: noncarbohydrates are used to form glucose iii. Glycogenolysis: glycogen is broken down to make glucose
b. protein metabolism:
i. deamination and transamination of amino acids ii. synthesize urea in order to remove ammonia iii. synthesize non-essential amino acids
c. lipid metabolism:
i. synthesize lipoproteins ii. synthesize cholesterol and phospholipids iii. producing energy via the oxidation of triglycerides
d. vitamin and mineral metabolism:
i. pantothenic acid to acetyl CoA ii. converting vitamin D to its active form (calcitriol) iii. form coenzyme B12 iv. store fat-soluble vitamin and some minerals
1. zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, and B12
2. Cirrhosis of the liver is a slow progressing disease where scar tissue begins to replace the healthy tissue and impacts the functioning of the liver. This scar tissue can block blood flow, hormones, nutrients, and drugs. Many of the core functions of the liver are slowed. A MELD, or Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, score measures the risk of mortality or the severity for people with this disease. The MELD score takes into account the patient’s serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and prothrombin time. The score can range from 6 (less severe) to 40 (very severe). This patient’s score is a 23. This puts the patient at a moderate severity and a 19.6%
Cirrhosis is a serious disease of the liver where scar tissue replaces normal healthy tissue, and affects the function and structure of the liver. Liver, which is the largest organ in the body, has a vital roles which are important to keep the body functioning well. Liver makes proteins and enzymes that regulate blood clotting. It also regulates cholesterol and stores the energy. In addition, the liver removes poisons from the blood. 30% of cirrhosis's victims are diagnosed will remain alive for 5 years. Cirrhosis can be defined regarding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
b) Janine made this statement: “… if your brain doesn’t get carbs—well, glucose, anyway—you get
Writing down what you eat for three days shows you more about your diet then most would think. The paper, and 3 day diet diary we did was to help show us what we need to consume more of, less of, what we need to cut out of are diet, and lastly what we need to add to be a healthy individual. Wiley Plus was used to really show the breakdown of what we eat. I simply put what I wrote on paper into the Wiley food journal, wich furthermore puts everything into the catagories, and sections for you, wich was very helpful. I overall hoped my results would be decent, or average. The results I recieved were simply what I expected.
In agreement is ………………….which state that “the speed at which inflammation and scarring take place varies between people. Some develop severe liver scarring (cirrhosis) within 20 years. In others, liver disease progresses slowly and does not become a major problem during their lifetime.”
or greater, Ishak score of equal to or great than four (4), or other accepted test demonstrating liver fibrosis.
4. Is it possible to know the percentage of liver cirrhosis? In other words is the organ completely affected and it's not functioning?
There are many types of foods, nutrients, and minerals that are important to the body, and the ones that will be covered in this paper are electrolytes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The items listed above are vital to body functions in many ways; for example, electrolytes necessary for proper muscle contraction (Nordqvist 2013). Proteins are essentially what allow our bodies to function as they do, and carbohydrates provide us with the energy that allows it to function. Our body is an amazing and intricate machine, and that’s basically what it is -- a well-oiled machine. In this adventure we will discover what makes our bodies work the way they do, what moves the figurative cogs of our body, and what makes us tick inside.
This case study is about Abdul Chidiac, a 51 year old male, married with 4 children. He had a medical history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and cirrhosis with two admissions in the last six months. He is a smoker and drinks beer, 5-6 bottles per day. As Carithers & McClain (2010) explained the patient’s medical history is another indicator of the risk for cirrhosis; the progression to cirrhosis is adaptable and may take time over weeks or many years. Cirrhosis is a liver disease characterized by permanent scarring of the
Living organisms must undergo chemical reactions of cellular metabolism to maintain life. This process is performed with the help of the active site found on the enzyme. The active site is sensible to changes that are made to the enzyme, so when a factor that affects the enzyme is present, the reaction rate will be affected. In this experiment the effects of enzyme concentrations, substrate concentrations, temperature concentrations and adding an inhibitor on the enzyme’s reaction rate will be tested. In activity one, if the enzyme concentration is fairly low, then adding more enzyme concentration will cause the substrates to attach onto the enzyme and be changed into the products. In activity two, if the substrate concentration is not restricted,
Lipids and Carbohydrates Lipids are a group of substances, which include fats, oils and waxes. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose. They are stored in plants as starches and in animals as glycogen. There are many differences between carbohydrates and lipids.
What is carbohydrate loading? Carbohydrate loading, also known as carbo loading, is when the body is depleted of carbs and then overloading the body with carbs at one time. To carbohydrate load the body must be depleted of carbs for a few days. Doing this tricks your body into thinking that there is a problem with your glycogen stores. Glycogen is a form of carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscle cells. It is used when you exercise. It eventually runs out and your performance levels drop as fatigue sets in. for the next two or three days, after depleting your body of carbs, you overload on carbs because your body will store more glycogen because it still thinks there is an issue
The effects of exogenous enzymes in pigs’ diets on the nutrients digestion might vary by pigs’ age, diet ingredients, and enzyme products. Moreover, the activity of enzymes, the types, size, and ingredients of diets, and the environment of digestive tract are also affected the digestibility and function of exogenous enzymes.
Carbohydrate loading a basic regiment for glycogen for a higher expected sports Performance. Carbohydrate loading is split into carbohydrate and loading. Carbohydrate is a primary sources for energy during physical activity, and loading is the expense changing our bodies is programmed to store it and use it at the right time to burn it as our muscle is at work. On some occasions it makes sense to consume more carbohydrate-rich foods to exploit our glycogen stores a strategy known as carbohydrate loading. It is good to consume extra carbohydrate if you are an athletic. Taking in extra carbohydrate can determine how much period you can sustain and use the excess carbohydrate for longer time length as an athletic.
There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don’t dissolve in water but do in organic solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids. Proteins are macromolecules that do everything in the cell. They are tools and machines that make things happen. Nucleic acids are long strands of nucleotides, and function primarily in storage and transmission of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms, and RNA sends out messages from the information that is held in the DNA.
pyruvate (3 carbon sugar), 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 net) per molecule of glucose. During