Micheletta, Whitehouse, Parr, and Waller (2015) tested three crested macaques (Macaca nigra) using matching-to-sample tasks. The researchers’ goal was to determine whether these crested macaques were capable of discriminating between facial expressions and whether visual stimuli affected performance. There were two separate experiments in which the crested macaques were to match a photograph of a specific facial expression to an exemplar while other examples of different expressions and neutral faces were shown. Then they were to match a video of an expression to a photograph of the exemplar while other examples were shown (Micheletta et al., 2015). These primates performed above chance, and were able to identify expressions by category …show more content…
Results showed an unusually high accuracy for emotional expression discrimination, with an 80% success rate (Calcutt et al., 2017). Such a high rate shows that facial expression discrimination is an important survival tool for these monkeys. Agnostic/negative expressions were easier for monkeys to tell apart than affiliative/friendly ones (Calcutt et al., 2017). From this we can infer that detection of unfriendly expressions has been especially important evolutionarily for tufted capuchin monkeys. Overall, the monkeys best at detecting facial expressions have been, and will continue to be, the most equipped and ideal for passing their genes on to future generations. Ways in which gibbons (Hylobatidae), a small ape species, altered their use of facial expressions in relation to the recipient’s behavior was explored in a different study by Scheider, Waller, Ona, Burrows, and Liebal (2016). More specifically, the researchers investigated how attention state of the receiver influenced the expression produced, as well as whether recipients would respond by using a facial expression (Scheider et al., 2016). Mated pairs of five different gibbon species were observed and researchers used GibbonFACS to code and define facial expressions. 45 different expressions were discovered, used in different contexts (Scheider et al., 2016). When facing
In the end, the Golden – Cheeked Gibbon is a fascinating primate that has a unique style of motion and call. While I did not experience that call that the gibbon uses to either have a mating partner or claim its own territory, it does exist. Their way of moving throughout the enclosure is fascinating to watch as they swing their long arms around. Moving from prop to prop they are easily able to move from one side of the enclosure in under ten seconds. The primates provided key examples on similarities that humans share with these animals, and other primates. The interaction
Joseph Henrich began, A Puzzling Primate, by describing how physically inept human beings are when compared to the rest of the animal kingdom. He continues with this logic when he demonstrates, that humans in this era, would not be able to survive if placed in the wild forest environment. Due to the biological weakness of humans, culture became a necessary defense mechanism and a form of protection. Culture became a unique way for humans to adapt. Despite the obvious physical weakness of humans, through culture we have rose to be the dominant species.
Science released an article entitled “Facial Expressions—Including Fear—May Not Be as Universal as We Thought”, written by Michael Pierce on October 17, 2016. In this article Pierce discusses how 50 years ago it was assumed that facial expressions were universal. However, it has been found that in the present day, this may not be the case. Expressions such as happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, or hunger, were all assumed to be expressed the same way as well as interpreted the same way. A study was conducted in the Trobriand Islands, were Trobrianders were shown as series of photos with facial expressions. They were asked to describe the emotions they interpreted from the photos, the results were intriguing. Pierce (2016) describes how
Tutankhamun’s tomb created in 1323 B.C.E in Egypt demonstrates the burial traditions associated with ancient egypt. Both the visual and contextual pieces to this sarcophagus demonstrates the complexity and amazement that the ancient egyptians placed around death. From the materials that the sarcophagus was made out of and the symbols that can be seen, to the historical background surrounding the pharaoh that was placed inside many details about these people’s burial practices can be made.
In 2013 Airbus announced a contract to deliver 50 A380 airplanes to Emirates for $20 billion to be delivered between 2016 and 2018.
What Was the Process of Going Through Ellis Island like?Topic: Ellis Island Question: What Was the Process of Going Through Ellis Island like?Thesis: The process was very long and hard and some were not even able to go through. Ellis Island was a symbol of hope for many immigrants who dreamed of coming to America to have a better life. Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States, opened the Island as an immigration center. Many immigrants were processed through Ellis Island, about 40% of Americans can trace their ancestry back to Ellis Island.1
Primates are one of the most interesting mammals on earth, not only because of their complex social structures, but because they hold so many similar characteristics to humans. Primates are often cited as our closest living relatives and on two separate occasions I observed four separate species of primates at the San Diego Zoo that can justify their use of their physical characteristics and behaviors that may be similar as well as different to the other primates and ours.
must mean that gestures come from our primate heritage. When humans, like primates are happy they smile or laugh, when they win they have a big grin on their face, and when we are excited about something we yell or jump on up and down. Chimpanzees have the same reaction because if you go the zoo you can see them on top of a tree in the corner which means that they want to be alone, just like us. When we, as a species get mad you can tell by our movement like face get tight, we cross our hands, our teeth clenches, we have a fist hand, and have a look in our eyes. Primates like monkeys and gorillas show the same thing because when they are mad they scream
Primates have some features that support them for the arboreal life. First, primates have developed grasping extremities with the divergent hallux and nails instead of claws. These features help them grasping branches better. Second, primates have enhanced vision with the optic convergence, which helps them look straightforward. They also have postorbital bar to protect the eyes. Third, primates reduced the olfaction that is not useful for arboreal life. Fourth, comparing to the other mammals, primates have large brain consider to the body size. The large brain helps them to process the complicating reactions, and thinking. Haplorrhines primates have some unique derived traits: the loss of tapetum lucidum, which enhances the vision in the darkness; and haplorhini, which is dry external nose. The anthropoid primates have developed some derived traits. They have postorbital bar with closure, and this makes a complete bony ring surrounds the eyes. They also have fused mandibular symphysis. The Platyrrhines have the dental formula 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3. The Catarrhines have dental formula 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3. The Cercopithecoids have the bilophodont molars to enhance the chewing ability. The hominoids are the most developed primates, which have some derived unique traits. They have larger brain, loss of tail, longer arms than legs, broad thorax with more muscles, and highly mobile shoulder.
In the study of the female chimpanzee Lana, the authors tested the Stroop-like effect with an animal to gather evidence from a nonverbal organism to provide additional information about the role of compatibility between response latency and performance accuracy.
Within this essay, we will study more in depth the behavioral as well as physical traits of two primates at a zoo from their interaction with their peers to their place in the group. This observation would enable us to further understand the possible existing correlation between humans and primates. First, I studied a female chimpanzee with her baby, and then, a dominant male gorilla, in San Francisco Zoo at about noon, on May 23, 2015, for an hour each. Even though they share some similarities such as having a large brain, living for a long time, and being bored in their enclosure, they are still different; when gorillas are the largest, chimpanzees are the smartest. In fact, chimps use tools to catch food, they would not be able to reach
He later explains the similarities with a extensively documented between human and those of animals facial expressions. He goes on to note that “if a young chimpanzee be tickled” as of a young child, a decidedly laugh sound is uttered” and that “ the eyes of a young chimpanzee wrinkles and sparkle brighter, when they laugh”. 100 year after Darwin had written his book, Frans De Waal argues that tickling a young chimpanzee evokes the same smile as of a child. Since then a study published (2015) has shown that same muscles are involved in chimpanzee and humans
A study done by Demaru (2015) in the Apenheul Primate Park in the Netherlands sought to examine PF in playful interaction across a diversity of bonobo age groups. The results of the study showed that facial expressions acted as emotional signals of playfulness and excitement (Demaru et al. 2015). Further, the bonobos understood the meaning of their facial expression and would proceed to hide their expression if they did not want to play, showing the cognitive capacity for self-awareness and self-reflection (Demaru et al. 2015). The study also showed that adult bonobos could better control their facial expressions when playing with young in order to suppress any possible over-excitement and aggression amongst the juvenile bonobos (Demaru et al. 2015: 341). Another study conducted
Another experiment by psychologist Robert Miller and his colleagues was designed to see if a monkey was able to interpret another monkey’s facial expression. The researchers trained rhesus monkeys to pull a lever to avoid getting shocked after a
Chimpanzees portray their emotions through a number of facial expressions and mannerisms. Just like humans, they undergo mood swings, jealous rages, and laughter. For instance, Goodall observed during her research that a male gorilla “would threaten [me] with an upward and