Analysis Of ' The Norton 's ' Why Women Smile ' By Amy Cunningham

The fight against sexism is not a new fight. Women have been fighting for equal rights, as well as fighting for their lives, culture, and values to be just as important as men's. On August 18, 1920, women were granted the right to vote; but this was only the beginning. From then to now, the role of women in society has significantly changed due to women standing up for their rights at protests and rallies, as well as on social media. While “The Good Wife’s Guide” focused on the promotion of the traditional gender role of women and defined appropriate emotions for women, “The Revolt of ‘Mother,’” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, represents the start of the resistance of the traditional gender role of women that we see in society today.

The biological sex of a person, in most cases, today can still be considered one of the main identifying characteristics of an individual. In the past the sex of a person was more than an identifying characteristic, it was who they were. They were either men or women, there was no in between or changing it. Society today has come a long way in terms of gender identity and gender roles, but the concept of patriarchy still has the upper hand when it all boils down. Allan G. Johnson’s, The Gender Knot, provides for a more diverse outlook on the women’s expected roles in life, how they are expected to handle difficult situations in marriage, and how they demonstrate courage, in Mona Lisa Smile.

Nearly every aspect of American history involves white supremacy. Upon the discovery of the Americas, the Europeans believed they entered into a land inhabited by savages (Boyer 20). According to President Jackson, the mistreatment of the Indians was to “kill the Indian, but save the man” (Williams) in order to purify America. They were forced to adapt to the dominate society or be killed. According to Wiethaus, “the Trail of Tears is a story of tragedy far overshadows the longer term economic consequences of Indian land for the United States economy and the disruption of individual lives for those dispossessed of their homes” (29). The Columbian Exchange involved the slavery of Africans which later became an issue during the 1800’s once the colonies formed into states. African-Americans did not receive emancipation until after the civil war. Before then, slavery was at the heart of the Commercial Revolution which set the stage for the modern era of economic growth (Wright 14). During the 1800’s, states became divided upon the issue of being a Slave or Free State. After the Civil War, Johnson approved of the emancipation of slaves (Boyer 497). However, during the Reconstruction, “black codes” were constructed to prevent African-American to be considered worthy citizens. Many Acts were passed to give them equality, but they still received inhuman treatment (Boyer 509-511). It took years of marches, protest, and riots

In a time period when women were considered inferior, as were blacks, it was unimaginable the horrors a black woman in the south had to endure during this period. African women were slaves and subject to the many horrors that come along with being in bondage, but because they were also women, they were subject to the cruelties of men who look down on women as inferior simply because of their sex. The sexual exploitation of these females often lead to the women fathering children of their white masters. Black women were also prohibited from defending themselves against any type of abuse, including sexual, at the hands of white men. If a slave attempted to defend herself she was often subjected to further beatings from the master. The black female was forced into sexual relationships for the slave master’s pleasure and profit. By doing this it was the slave owner ways of helping his slave population grow.

Rough Outline: Fill in the outline below. Draft due 2/26 1. INTRO a. Argument: Freed African-Americans could consider the Reconstruction a partial failure because while it secured basic rights for African Americans, they were still not socially, legally, or economically equal to the white citizens. a. Time: 1865-1888 b. Place: United States Southern States c. Topic: Effect of Reconstruction 2.

Even though the african americans were completely freed from slavery, they still had to face many hardships such as inequality. An example of this appears in a labor contract from 1886 when it mainly discusses the chores and tasks of a black man while

Imagine living day to day stressed, struggling, and not knowing where you next meal will come even from. Picture having to be owned by someone and not having the power to say no or do as you please. Throughout centuries African Americans have had a life full of stress and struggle. From being beaten to slaving for whites, life has never been easy for them. In this research paper I will discuss and furnish detailed information about the Black Codes in 1800's and the reconstruction.

This was the period of post-slavery, early twentieth century, in southern United States where blacks were still treated by whites inhumanly and cruelly, even after the abolition laws of slavery of 1863. They were still named as ‘color’. Nothing much changed in African-American’s lives, though the laws of abolition of slavery were made, because now the slavery system became a way of life. The system was accepted as destiny. So the whites also got license to take disadvantages and started exploiting them sexually, racially, physically, and economically. During slavery, they were sold in the slave markets to different owners of plantation and were bound to be separated from each other. Thus they lost their nation, their dignity, and were dehumanized and exploited by whites.

But the reality was that in the 1900s, women, specifically black women had legally no voice “the author discussed the vivid picture of the black community.” If a woman was abused by her husband, the courts would not even acknowledge it even if it did

African American were fighting for rights to own land and “in January 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman set aside part of the coast south of Charleston for black settlement”(437). Owning land was one of the main ways African American could build a wealth for themselves and gain their independance which they were not going to give up. African Americans were no longer going to allow whites to mistreat them. Despite the fact that they were “forced to return to the planters’ fields, they resisted efforts to restore slavelike conditions”(453). Once they had received of taste of what their free life is like, African American were not going to lose that right and were determined to fight against it. African American were determined to no longer be the white’s slaves. To further their independence “instead of working for wages, a South Carolinian observed, “‘the negroes all seem disposed to rent land, “‘ which increased their independence from whites”’(453). African American began renting land where they were more independent from their white masters and allowed to make decisions on their own. Along with their growing independence, African American were also having a bigger role in

Second, the daily activities of women report that they have more intense experience of emotions than men, more intense expression and comfort to seek out emotional experiences. Women also have greater emotional response, overall warmth, emotional expressiveness and concern for others, than men. Researchers also report that anger is found more in men than women (Costandi, 2013). Women have more intense style of emotional response than men, which would be expected to emerge in both positive and negative domains. In fact, emotional experience stems from the roles men and women fill in our society. Women are considered emotionally expressive and are more sensitive to others’ needs while men are less emotionally responsive (Costandi, 2013). Women and men’s personal history of enacting social roles effect skills and attitudes. Prior experiences build different emotional skills and attitudes, in both and women equally.

Women all over the world have been mistreated for more than a century. It has been exploited throughout the world as how “women aren’t currently treated the same as men in certain situations” but it is far more beyond that. Only half of the world seems to at least know what is really happening behind the curtain. Ambiguous people have manipulated the very much realness with what is exactly taking place in our society. In this essay, I will be talking about the following things; Inequity in the workplace, “Asking for it”, Violence against women globally, Education, and The psychology of it all. These five topics need to be demanded attention. Our younger generation needs to be cognizant of what has been going on for many millenniums. Girls and women should be able to walk around at night and not be afraid, nor should they be afraid to oppose another man. There is no real justification on why women should be treated like this but there is plenty of justification on why they shouldn 't, so genuinely why is this problem happening? Some of the books that I read to have mostly validation on this paper from other human beings but also to enlighten myself even more that I already am. “Subjection of Women” by John Stuart Mill, “Created Equal: Voices on Women 's Rights” by Anna Horsbrugh-Porter, and “Equal Pay for Equal Work” by Grace C. Strachan. I chose these three texts because each one yet talks about the same thing but has a little bit of a different perspective on each. I

behavior and a cry for the recognition of women's rights ( ). Instead its theme

“Boys will be boys, and girls will be girls”, says Aaron Devor. Women and men have always been seen as totally different people, but is it right to say that women are different from men. Many research findings support these gender differences. The range of critical response to the topic of the gender is clearly discussed in the reviews written by Aaron Devor “Gender Role Behaviors and Attitudes,” Deborah Blum “The Gender Blur,” and Mariah Burton Nelson in “I Won. I’m Sorry”. Marian Burton Nelson, a former Stanford University and professional basketball player and author of sit book on gender identity. Deborah Blum, a Pulitzer Prize-winning professor of journalism at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Aaron Derov, a sociology professor at University of Victoria. All three articles have similar and different opinions, but they are all about gender differences. While Devor and Blum talk about the origin of gender differences in men and women, Nelson focuses more on strong women; all three articles focus their discussions on aggressiveness, gender behaviors, and male domination.

One may ask the history of the smile. Wilson (2012) explained some biologists believe that the smile originated millions of years ago as a sign of fear; monkeys and apes, in an attempt to show predators that they were harmless – apparently the barely clenched teeth of this “fear grin” were meant to communicate this harmlessness