Animal Testing In Medical Research

Animals endure so much pain and suffering when being tested on. In some cases, animal testing can be deadly or lead to serious side effects that will forever stick with the animal that was tested on. Animals hardly ever, to never benefit from testing. In research and testing, animals are subjected to experiments that can include everything from testing new drugs to infecting with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, burning skin, causing brain damage, implanting electrodes into the brain, maiming, blinding, and other painful and invasive procedures (NEAVS). It can include protocols that cause severe suffering. Also, can’t forget about the restricted living conditions where animals are forced to live in an unhealthy habitat out of their own element during the testing period. Animals in labs suffer not only pain from protocols, but also severe stress from day-to-day laboratory life. They spend their lives in barren cages, unable to make choices or express natural behaviors. Most never experience fresh air or sunshine, only bars and concrete. Although most think that the Animal Welfare Act protects animals from abuse, it is a common misconception that the AWA protects animals against abuse and harm in the laboratory or in other areas of commerce. This is not true. According to the National Anti-Vivisection Society the AWA regulates the use of animals in research and outlines standards for their care, it does not protect

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Granted, despite the extremely low success rate of passing drugs, the few that do end up succeeding save and improve human lives all around. However, this practice is hurting animals at our expense, and we don’t even have to experiment on these animals to get the results being strived for. There are many alternatives to animal testing, some even more productive and accurate than the current, inhumane tests. Artificial skin is one of these. Artificial skin is large sheets of lab made skin cells. This would be very useful for cosmetic testing because if the substance being tested was toxic, animals would not get rashes or being injured. Also, this would be a limitless source of testing material, and provide more accurate results because the skin is much more similar to a human's than an animal's. Another possible solution is in vitro testing. This is when scientists extract human cells and do tests on them in petri dishes. Once again, this too is more effective than animal testing because there are real human cells instead of animal cells. But, the cells are not entirely effective because they are not in the body and are not responding they way they would in their natural environment. An even better solution is body chips. These miracle workers are chips with organ cells in them. It acts as the cells “environment” and makes it respond normally to drugs and disease. The

The article “Alternatives in Testing” stated different techniques and technologies that have been developed for animal testing. The author presented these techniques and then the benefits of non-animal testing. An example of a new technique that was listed involved testing animals for skin corrosively and irritation. New systems that can replace testing for skin irritation were listed and described in detail. The author then described why certain tests are more accurate when they are not performed on animals.

Alternative testing methods now exist that can replace the need for animals. In vitro (in glass) testing, such as studying cell cultures in a petri dish, can produce more relevant results than animal testing because human cells can be used. [15] Microdosing, the administering of doses too small to cause adverse reactions, can be used in human volunteers, whose blood is then analyzed. Artificial human skin, such as the commercially available products EpiDerm and ThinCert, is made from sheets of human skin cells grown in test tubes or plastic wells and can produce more useful results than testing chemicals on animal skin. [15][50][51] Microfluidic chips ("organs on a chip"), which are lined with human cells and recreate the functions of human organs, are in advanced stages of development. Computer models, such as virtual reconstructions of human molecular structures, can predict the toxicity of substances without invasive experiments on animals. [50]

In this paper there are three main topics that are going to be covered. They are alternatives to animal testing, animal testing in cosmetics, and the news in the cosmetic industry related to animal testing. For this paper there were four sources that were evaluated. All of them had a few things in common and through that it was easy to link them together through three different subtopics that will be evaluated later in this paper. The first source that I will be using is “The Science of Dermocosmetics and Its Role in Dermatology”. This article was written by Dreno, B., E. Araviiskaia, E. Berardesca, T. Bieber, J. Hawk, M. Sanchez- Viera, and P. Wolkenstein. The second article that will be effective in this essay is “New

Animal Farm is a compelling and tenacious story of the corruption of a society. The smart took over the weak, and once docile animals became monsters. It truly showed how selfishness turned the pigs into the humans they once hated. The pigs' greed leads them to drive out decency and only have avariciousness left. Snowball was so wholesome and had much potential, but once he was gone Napoleon became a tyrant. Reading it felt like watching a society morph into a shadow of its former self. The main parts were the Rebellion, the beginning of Napoleons reign, and when the pigs became the monsters they once hated.

Stated by Mahatma Gandhi, “The greatness of the nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”. Medical research on animals is an effective way for scientist to test different medical discoveries and experiment before using them on humans to check their result. This technique has been used for centuries dating back to people such and Aristotle and Erasistratus. What exactly is medical research on animals? When we take a deeper look into the experiment that are preformed we can conclude that animals are a living model of humans in these laboratories. It is a necessity to harm and test animals with new drugs in order to market them in the medical industry to aid human illnesses. In order to better comprehend and regulate drugs one must understand what medical research on animals is described as and its benefits to pharmaceutical companies for humans. Exposure to the trials and tribulations that animal testing reveals how important it is for scientists to understand the negative effects they contribute to an animal’s welfare and life. In contrary animal testing has been used to save many human lives from consuming or using a drug that could have caused them life threatening illnesses.

There are many different tests that are performed on animals. According to The Humane Society of The United States (n.d), “it is estimated that 500,000 mice, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits suffer and die in these tests every year throughout the world.” 500,000 innocent animals are used to improve cosmetic company’s products. One example of a test performed on animals are skin irritation/corrosion. According to the Humane Society of The United States (n.d.), “The test substance is applied to the shaved skin of a rabbit. Their skin may show signs of redness, rash,

Most of the animals use in research are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act. Those animals like birds and mice are not protected because for the federal law, these animals are not in the animal category. The worst part of this is that those animals that are not protected are the ones most often used for testing. This animals are tortured in many ways and law does not do anything to protect them. In fact, even the animals that are protected by the AWA are harmed. They are exposed to a lot of harmful procedures. It have been cases were the same animals harm their selves due to all the stress they have to pass by. Imagine how much stress one need to be to be able to cause pain to itself.

Cell testing in a petri dish can produce more relevant results than animals because human cells can be used (Kara Rogers). There is also micro dosing, giving doses too small to cause adverse reactions, which can be used for humans, whose blood will then be analyzed. Humans’ experimenting on humans is nothing new to our world as we have been doing it since the dawn of time. We now have artificial human skin, made from reproducing sheets of human skin cells that are grown in test tubes. This skin can be used to provide more accurate results than using animal skin (Kara Rogers). Computer models that create virtual human molecular structures can predict the toxicity of a substance without experiments on animals. Supercomputers are improving every year and may soon have brains of their

federal law that covers animals in research” (Laws and Regulations | Animal Use in Research). What protection does this provide for animals in use for research purposes? This Act provides the minimum standards by which the animals must be housed, fed, handled and attended to health wise. The Act further minimizes and limits its protection to only a number of species of which includes dogs, chimpanzees, cats and other warm-blooded animals. Some of the species that are not protected from this act include rats, mice and birds as well as many cold-blooded animals. One of the animals that I hear a lot about, as far as testing goes, is mice. Mice are used in a lot of testing ranging from cancer research, in an attempt to find new drugs, all the way to research in diabetes. The mice provide useful models for a wide range of human diseases and are not protected under the Animal Welfare Act so the treatment of these types of animals is unregulated. Some people may say that they are just mice, but they are still animals and experience pain and symptoms just like any other animal even though they are a pest. The reason mice make good test subjects for pharmaceutical companies is because of how similar the biological and genetic characteristics are to a human thus allowing for comparative testing. If this “compound” was found to have this effect on mice, then it would have a similar effect on humans and so on. The amount of

Because of technology there are alternatives to animal testing. Alternatives may include: the 3T3 Neutral Red Update Phototoxicity test, Human-skin equivalent tests such as EpiDerm or EpiSkin, and structure-activity relationship models. A lot of companies have decided against testing on animals and began to take advantage of non-animal testing such as cell and tissue cultures to computerized models. Some tests, such as, the EpiDerm and Episkin tests are replacements for animal-based skin-corrosion studies. These tests create normal, human skin cells that form a multilayered model of human skin. (Product Testing: Toxic and Tragic). The 3T3 test is a replacement for animal-based photoxicity studies. In this test, cells from a certain 3T3 cell line are exposed to chemicals and they get the results from the presence and absence of

Animal testing has long played a part in the science of testing, and it still plays a very important role in the medical world. Testing on animals in order to create a cure for AIDS is one thing, but testing on animals for human vanity is another. Animal testing is used to test the safety of a product. It has kept some very unsafe substances out of the cosmetic world. However, in this day in age, animal testing is not the only way to test the safety of a product. Animal testing in cosmetics has decreased over the years. However, it is still used by many companies in America. Animal testing is not only cruel, but it is also unnecessary in today’s advanced scientific world.

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