Antibiotic Resistance ( Abr ) Essay

Throughout my life, adults have insisted the use of antibiotics to fight against the most inconsequential illnesses, whether it’s the cold or the flu. However, neither illness is due to invasion of bacteria. This misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance(AMR), currently one of the central issues facing the public health system. While the process for antibiotic resistance occurs naturally through the process of adaptation, the mismanagement of antibiotic resources has accelerated the rate at which the bacteria adapt. The occurrence of this misinformation isn’t limited to a few adults: even some of my peers suggest taking antibiotics when faced with the flu. This leads to asking whether AMR is truly a problem and are present regulations enough to combat the issue.

In an era where common people are perhaps more health-conscious than ever before, it is mainstream knowledge that meat treated with antibiotics and hormones may not be safe for consumption. Many chain restaurants, such as Chipotle, Chick-Fil-A, and now Subway, will only buy meat from non-antibiotic suppliers, in order to meet increasingly high consumer standards. However, less than fifty years ago, meat from antibiotic treated livestock was actually preferred. What triggered this change in the way consumers scrutinize their food? It can be largely attributed to the research of one Stanford biologist and former Commissioner of the FDA, Doctor Donald Kennedy. Through opening the medical community’s eyes to the potential dangers of antibiotic resistance, Donald Kennedy shed light on one of the most troubling phenomena of modern medicine. However, before he was a Harvard graduate and esteemed biologist, Kennedy was a child growing up like any other in a New York City stricken by the Great Depression.

It is undeniable that the recent discovery of antibiotics and disinfectants in the past century is leading to the creation of increasingly dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Super bugs like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus have begun breaking out in hospital areas, killing more and more patients due to the lack of people following through with simple safety measures. In order to stop the creation and spread of antibiotic-resistant super bugs, proper precautions must be taken such as avoiding antibacterial cleaners, following through with instructions when taking prescriptions and maintaining adequate hand hygiene. Through adhering to basic safety rules, the creation and spread of super bugs can be minimized and all together

Antimicrobial resistance might affect the economy in a variety of ways. One way that antimicrobial resistance might affect economy is by financially affecting hospitals. To be specific, antibiotic resistance might increase the length of stay (LOS) and direct treatment costs among hospitalized patients, so hospitals are bearing a high financial burden. Antonanzas, Lozano, and Torres (2004) found that the treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections increase the financial costs for hospitals, as a result of higher direct costs and longer LOS than those related to methicillin-susceptible-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) patients or MRSA-free patients. They found that the incremental length of stay (LOS) is in the average of 2–10

Antibiotic resistance is one of the major threats to human medicine as it can cause treatments to fail and in worse case create untreatable infections. Studies have shown that other than overuse of antibiotics by humans , the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animal production is also an important factor. When animals are given an antibiotic that has similarities to human antibiotics for a disease, cross resistance occurs. Cross resistance is when the disease causing bacteria becomes resistant to the drug that is also used in human medicine which can be extremely dangerous. This is why the use of antibiotics is called to be “Dangerous and unjustifiable” by medical experts as the threats that the use of antibiotics in animals can pose to human medicine are extremely

The abuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry is quickly gaining speed as a potent problem in the world, and because of the overuse, antibiotic resistance is a terrifying prospect that is overwhelming doctors as they try to combat resistant bacteria; the future of the world depends on the way the resistant bacteria is handled, and it needs to be evaluated from the lowest level it can be: the animals. An overwhelming number of the antibiotics are being given to food producing animals, even when they are not necessary. The FDA recognizes that the overuse of antibiotics could lead to resistance, but they continue to pass lax policies; the FDA is being surpassed by other organizations that are fighting to combat the growing problem, but mandatory laws are yet to be passed in the US. Because of this hesitancy to pass compulsory laws, due to competing government initiatives, this overuse of antibiotics is adding to the problem of antibiotics resistance by allowing the bacteria to develop resistance from overexposure. Animals are being abused because antibiotics are being misused, and animals have dose after dose forced on them, despite not needing them, because of the increased efficiency of growth in these meat producing animals. A major shift is needed in the culture of animal husbandry to put an end to this overuse of antibiotics; mandatory laws must be passed outlawing antibiotics that are medically suitable for humans from farms, requiring strict monitoring, and no longer

According to Hoffman and Outterson, the most deadly aspect to antibiotic resistance or ABR is when a patient at a hospital developing a strain of a disease that is completely untreatable and lethal (6). In response to the overabundance of antibiotic use, many scientists believe that having a stricter infection management system will help control the overuse of antibiotics. The main reasoning for stricter control is to help prevent bacteria from having the chance to evolve in the the first place. Hoffman and Outterson believe that the best approach to finding a solution is to have a collaboration of people from a variety of academic and professional jobs (6). With this collaboration of people, Hoffman and Outterson, devised a three step approach to conquering ABR; this approach is Access, Conservation, and Innovation (6). The absence of access is a common cause of death by resistant bacteria; scientists need to be given access to existing antibiotics so that they can devise possible solutions to ABR (6). Conservation will neither prevent ABR nor cure it, but it will help slow down the spread of it; the third and final step is innovation (Hoffman and Outterson 6). Innovation as stated by Hoffman and Outterson is the creation of new drugs and others ideas to fight off the evolved bacteria (6). Hopefully with these new ideas, the world will work together to solve this crisis. If we do not find a solution, I fear for our

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the number of mortality caused by Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria (MDRB) in the United States alone to be at 23,000 annually (CDC, 2017). As the number of cases increases, scientists are urged to reform a new tactic to tackle this challenge. A BBC article reports that scientists in the University of Western Australia were able to model a three-dimensional shape of the protein involved in bacterial resistance, in which may assist with the development of more effective treatments against multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (BBC News, 2017); link to the BBC article provided in the reference list. This

There is an estimate of 1 million children age five and under dying to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) each year (Schrag S, Beall B, and Dowell S 2001). This is due to the growing threat of bacteria becoming resistant to more and more antibiotics. The first case of S. pneumoniae becoming resistant to an antibiotic was in 1965, to penicillin, just twenty-two years after the drug was first created. This is cause for concern because should bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, we will have no way to treat bacteria-born disease. Fowler et al. have attempted to warn the world about the “antibiotic apocalypse” we have entered by continual use of

The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).

According the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s greatest health threats to date (Haddox, 2013). In the article, The Health Threat of Antibiotic Resistance, Gail Haddox (2013) discusses the danger antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society and strategies to prevent the expansion of antibiotic resistance. In Europe alone, an estimated 25,000 deaths have been attributed to multi-resistant infections (Haddox, 2013). Common infections are now harder to treat due to the increased resistance to antibiotics across the world, in fact some are becoming untreatable. Antibiotics should be treated like oil, a non-renewable resource (Haddox, 2013).

Antibiotic resistance or superbugs is / are global issues. They might not be as much of a problem now but they can wipe out thousands of people with a snap of the fingers. I think we can fight the superbugs by not abusing drug use and not giving drugs to animals that we eat. Superbugs are a certain type of bacteria that is immune to all medicine that you throw at it and can be very deadly. Antibiotic resistance is one of the world 's most worrisome health issues. Improper use of antibiotics are the main cause of drug resistant bacteria.I think we can fight the superbugs / antibiotic resistance by not abusing drug use and not giving drugs to animals that we eat. Also by using drugs / medicine properly and not overusing them. Here is some information on antibiotic resistance to help you know more about it, know how to prevent it and finally be cautious when eating at fast food restaurants.

Several previous studies found that there is relationship between the antibiotic resistance in the environment and the effluents from urbanization areas (6), agricultural and industrial land use patterns (34) wastewater treatment plants (11), industrial pollution (23) flood water runoff (35)., heavy metal pollution (23), flood water runoff (35). المرجع 2(

Antimicrobial or antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon seen when a certain microorganism (certain types of bacteria) develops a resistance for a drug that is used formerly to kill them. These resistant bacteria are emerging rapidly worldwide, affecting how a certain bacterial infection might be cured, and therefore rising a threat for patients who were treated with antibiotics a long time ago if the same type of infection. Antibiotic resistance occurred due to the overuse and misuse of a certain medication. (Ventola, C. L. (2015)). Antibiotic resistance conveys incurability for treatable illnesses which would cause a great dent in the healthcare system, rendering it useless. As a result of antibiotic resistance, human illnesses, cost, length of treatment, and side effects from using more powerful medications will increase with time if nothing is done to create an awareness for using antibiotics as treatments for various infections. Certain groups of people (infants, seniors, homeless living in an unhygienic conditions) are at higher risk of getting illnesses that would create the need to use antibiotics as treatments than other groups of people (that normally practice full hygiene). In my opinion, antibiotics should only be used in cases where it’s the last option available as a treatment, because the abuse of using antibiotics will only cause more problems later on in finding treatments for infections and other illnesses where bacteria is the cause of disease. Also, there

Antibiotics are the most successful drugs used for the human treatment and they have proved as a very effective weapon against infections, but they are considered as important pollutants also. Antibiotic pollution is increasingly being accepted as a promoter of antibiotic resistance that may include over-prescription and mishandling of antibiotics. Researchers have found out this fact that when an antibiotic is consumed; up to 90 percent passes through a body without taking part in metabolism. Antibiotics are used broadly in human and veterinary drugs, as well as, in aquaculture to check or treat microbial infections. In addition being used for human treatment, antibiotics are widely used for animal farming and for rural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can pollute accepted environments. The clearest outcome of antibiotic release in usual environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The identical resistance genes found at clinical settings are at this time distributed among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination Antibiotics can go through the atmosphere by way of waste water treatment plant effluents, hospital waste processing plant effluents, farming waste, and outflow from waste-storage and landfills. Pollution from total municipal sewage may be correlated to the rise in bacteria resistant to the most powerful antibiotics. Water discharged into lakes