During the Post-Classical Era, the sacking of Baghdad in 1258 by the Mongols and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks greatly impacted and shaped the economy and political moves of Europeans, the Mongols provided important trade connections between Europe and Asia where, not only the trade of goods flourished but, also knowledge and technology, however as Mongol power declined and the Turks, who the Europeans saw as a threat, finally conquered the weakened Constantinople, they also cut off Europe’s overland trade route to Asia and the Middle East, prompting the expansion of Europe’s maritime trade routes and encouraging exploration.
When Baghdad was overrun by the Mongols, it connected civilizations from Europe to Eastern Asia, all under Mongol rule. The Mongols actively promoted the growth of trade and travelers by protecting the caravans that made their way across the ancient Asian silk routes and by establishing rest stations along the way. This cracked open a never before seen world and exposed the Europeans to new ideas, technology, goods and a growing hunger amongst the elite for such luxury goods as silk and porcelain produce in China or exotic spices from India.
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Furthermore the Europeans saw the Ottoman Empire as a threat and feared a new Muslim surge toward Europe. Additionally, the loss of the last European outposts in the Holy Land also eliminated the only European trading posts in the Eastern Mediterranean. All European trade with Asia had to then pass through Muslim merchants, who made it very expensive, only adding to European’s enmity to the new owners of what was renamed Istanbul. All of this impelled Europeans to go exploring new ways to get to China and India to resume the sought after trade for luxury
The Mongol faculated trade which helped their economy. The Mongol Empire had a high tolerance of other religions and cultures. Furthermore, they highly valued wealth very much. Therefore, they protected trade routes to gain the wealth as well as
1. What fundamental factors drew the Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World? What was the impact on the Indians, Europeans, and Africans when each of their previously separate worlds “collided” with one another? What caused the shift from indentured servant to African slaves as the dominant labor force in the southern colonies?
The Mongols understood the importance of trade, and they supported trade. They had a positive attitude toward merchants and trade. Unlike most other societies, such as the Confucian Chinese, who looked upon trade with disdain. The Mongols saw the true importance of trade, and they saw it as more than people exchanging goods. They created the Pax-Mongolia or “Mongolian Peace.” This was to guarantee the safety of traders and merchants, specifically Muslim, as they traveled through the Mongolian territory. Because there was no longer a concern of harm coming to merchants, trade along the Silk Road flourished. The Muslims were a very technologically advanced society, and once people saw this, they were all wanting to get their goods. The crusaders called the Muslims “A savage race fit only for extermination,” without knowing how advanced they were. The mongols saw how important they could be to their society.
The major legacies of the Mongol rule in the Islamic world are that they supported trade, built roads, increased religious tolerance, further advanced in medicine and astronomy and built paper money. They reopened four major trade routes which were closed – Silk Road, sea route from China to Persian Gulf, Siberian Route and an alternate route from lower Volga. The four major legacies of Genghis Khan, the founder of Mongol empire were tolerance, written language, legal code and trade and crafts.
The last major point of the defence was the stimulation of trade caused by the mongols. A merchant talked about the increase of trade in Eurasia. There was an undeniable influx of trade in Asia that was directly caused by the mongol rule, this was caused by the mongols reopening or revitalizing of the silk trade routes and the spending of the major mongolian wealth to increase trade through western Europe and Asia. The revitalizing of trade is evidence that the mongols were civilized to properly improve the trade routes and protection on the trade routes.
After the American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists were changed a lot in society. Women had more freedoms, some of the slaves were set free, and many loyalists left America. America did not go through much economic change, but it did experience social and political change.
Besides all the other growing issues from 1700-1800 in American History, there was one rising above all. The enslavement of the African people. While there was much debate about freedom, abolition, and all other things some African-Americans managed to find theirs. From 1775 to 1830 many African-Americans gained freedom by escaping to regions in which slavery wasn’t practiced or by purchasing it if granted while all at the same time the expansion of slavery greatly expanded in the American south. Free or enslaved, African-American were under constant oppression and were driven to take action towards the challenges they were faced with. While some looked to religion to escape these hardships, others looked to violence in which they believed
The time period of 1450-1750, known as the Early Modern era was a time of expansion and empire building for many places around the world. Places such as Western Europe, Russia, East and South Asia building empires was becoming more and more popular. Some places of Western Europe had colonies in the Americans, while Eastern Europe and Asia tended to stay on their continent. No matter the type of empire whether it had colonies, spread across different parts of a continent, or all in one place they had similar motivations for being built. Western European, Russian, East and South Asian Empires had similar motives for being built, to have an increase in power, to spread religion, and in respect for the ruler.
Q6. During the time, many Latin American countries were slowly trying to find their way to a democracy. A democracy is a government by the people. A democratic way of life includes practice such as free elections, citizen participation, majority rule, minority rights, and a constitutional government. Many nations would begin to follow the democratic practices as well as beginning to accept their own democratic forms of government; however, to achieve a democratic government it would take years. The struggle for democracy in other nations would occur well beyond the 21st century. DUring this time, countless nations were breaking free from authoritarian rule and turning to democracies instead. More specifically, it would spread widely throughout
Kublai Khan sprung the Mongol Empire’s dominance because he established a steady civilization. A strong transportation system was built which lead to the increase of trade. Yuan (Kublai Khan) constructed roads that connected with the nerve center, which allowed traders to walk through the whole empire. “Kublai Khan had enormous ships built to improve the trade across the seas,” (Foreign Trade, The Mongol Empire). Kublai Khan also made an efficient postal system which transmitted messages between Tatu and the provinces.
Religion and economics influenced the development of medieval Europe and Japan through Religious pastors, trade routs that went different places, pastors that went on trade expeditions, and leaders that put their own spin on society.
The shift in trade routes affect the Islamic empires because the political decline turned into the evident in the three Islamic empires. In the eighteen century, the Indian was very active in long distance trading. Because of the long-term trading it was a lot of discoveries in European explore. In order to acquire
The trade on the Silk Road is one of the reasons why Islam is one of the major religion in the Middle East and some part of the world. During when the Silk Road was still used the city of mecca was considered to be the crossroad of all trading. Due to that the city of
Evidence of Islamic trade has been found across Europe, through the findings of Islamic coins (Mitchiner, 1987). From the 10th century onwards, the Arab merchants becoming more important than Persians when it came to long distance trade (Deoliya, 2013). A number of factors stemming from Mongolian unrest led to the replacement of a direct long distance trade route
Often this was disguised as the spread of Christianity but the result was always the same, resources were used to make the European country more powerful and wealthy. The success of the spread of Christianity was higher in some areas but lower in the Islamic realm. European nations searched for alternative trade routes after the Ottoman empire seized Constantinople. Trade with Africa began with goods and products but eventually mainly for slaves. European nations were able to overcome no access to the eastern Mediterranean and dominate the land-sea trade, as they expanded the Islamic realms declined.