Introduction
Reducing the fuel consumption and as a result reducing the amount of emissions which is achieved by car weight reduction and besides passenger safety and crashworthiness improvement via mechanical energy absorption are the main goals of car manufactures. Application of advanced high-strength dual phase (DP) steels is being considered as one of the efficient ways to obtain the above mentioned goals [1-3]. (DP) steels have attracted considerable attention in the automotive industry due to favorable combination formability, work hardening, ductility and high strength to weight ratio [4]. The mentioned features is resulted from the unit microstructure of the DP steels. DP steels despite their name consist of three or more phases including ferrite, martensite, banite, retained austenite and pearlite. The Matrix in DP steels is soft ferrite and the strengthening phase is martensite. In some cases banite and retained austenite also contribute to strengthening. Ferrite enables low initial yielding stress and martensite enables the high ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The above characteristics make the DP steels ideal alloy systems for automotive sheet-forming operations [5].
Phase fractions and their interfaces and morphology have a great influence on strength and ductility of DP steels.[6] yield and tensile strength of DP steel can significantly improved by microstructural refinement without losing the uniform elongation and fracture strain which will result in
The inclusion of lithium in Reynolds X100 makes sure to block any dislocations within the alloys crystal structure, giving it an outstanding fatigue resistance.
It has an excellent strength to weight ratio obtained from heat-treatment used in its formation. The heat treatment used for this steel does not use quenching rather uses air cooling or air
Overall, the 1018 and 1045 steel specimens displayed similar relationships between the heat-treating procedures. The 1045 steel had a greater tensile strength in all states except for the quenched state. In general, the 1018 steel specimens were more ductile than the 1045 steel specimens in all states.
To be successful in the steel industry a company must be very innovative and able to differentiate their products from the next guy. Steel is steel and it is not important as to how it is packaged or how it looks but whether it serves the customer’s needs. In order to be successful production must be efficient, delivery must be on time, and innovation is the key.
The use of thinner gauge Ti and Ni alloys is pushing the aircraft engine industry to ensure high quality welds can be made with lower levels of heat input. Every part we produce goes through our nondestructive laboratory to test the welds under x-ray or die penetrant.
Sample 2 demonstrated characteristics of a low carbon steel. It softened drastically during the annealing process and progressively hardened with each increase in quench rate, but never achieved a very high rating.
Presently around 69% of the average car, by weight, is made up of ferrous metal. This not only adds to the weight of the vehicle but is also susceptible to rust. On the other hand depending on the production process and the nature of the energy source, primary aluminum gives rise to higher emissions than occur in the production of primary steel. However, if recycled aluminum is used, the effort and expense are at a lower level, comparable with recycled steel.
BMW Group uses various different materials for the production of these components. Accordingly, the casting methods used are diverse and innovative. In engine production the cast components is processed using high precision, computer controlled machine tools, the workers being predominantly
The strength of this metal is medium and which provides a relatively strong frame and structure but also allows for crumple zones to work effectively in a car accident. The percentage of Metal A in the earth’s crust is 7.5, which is quite common. This metal needs to be common due to the amount of cars which are sought for worldwide. The reactivity of Metal A shows no obvious reactions with water or damp air which allows people to drive cars in rain or humid weather. This metals reaction with acid is slow and irrelevant to the usage of the material for these purposes. These properties allow Metal A to be suitable for the main structure and body of a
National Steel car success has been realized by working together as a team. Its customer care skills are as well above par as it treats all its clients with much respect as it values their contributions in the freight car industry. Currently, the company has employed more than 2000 employees who are expert in their work and are full of integrity. For that reason, National Steel Car has been internationally certified by ISO. The Company has also been honored with the highest award for its provision of quality, TTX SECO, from 1996
The steel industry suffered when Ford decided to use aluminum for the F-150. However, the steel industry still has a variety of lightweight products. It also has a lot of advantages. Almost every automaker manufacturing system is designed to be welded with steel.
Steel products were defined by several attributes which determined the product application and defined quality. Grade described the metallic (chemical) composition of the steel, or the elements added to the basic recipe of iron and carbon to create the desired properties. Product described the shape of the product, including semi-finished shapes (blooms, billets and bars) and finished shapes (wires and coils). Surface finish described the smoothness and polish that could be applied to the material’s surface to enhance presentation. Size described the latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions of the product. Structural quality described the absence of breaks in the inner metallic structure. Surface quality described the absence of cracks or seams on the surface. Because specific applications called for specific attributes, many products were customized along one or more attributes for the customer. However, of all attributes, customers valued most the grade, which determined product performance.
Lehigh Steel was founded in 1913 and it manufactures specialty steels for high strength, high use applications. In 1975 it was acquired by Palmer due to its ownership of Continuous Rolling Mill, a specialized equipment that convert steel intermediate shape to wire for Palmer’s bearing. The industry as a whole is highly competitive, even a small change in price could alter customers’ consumption decision greatly, keeping costs down is therefore, one of the most important targets Its financial performance was always remarkable because of the high quality of products and loyalty of customers. However, severe downturn performances could be identified since 1991 as the business condition was in recession and the
They are formed during ageing in the temperature range between 400 and 600oC after the steels had been solution annealed in the austenitic phase and air cooled which results in a martensitic microstructure. Over the past half-century, two major types of maraging steels have been developed, the 18Ni maraging steels and the cobalt-free maraging steels. The Standard maraging steels contain 18% Ni, 8% Co, 5% Mo and 0.4% Ti. But Ni, Co and Mo are very expensive strategic alloying elements as cobalt reaches to levels as high as 8 to 13%. This keeps the steels rather expensive, preventing wider selection and application, but with maximum strength levels reaching 2400 MPa, accompanied by good toughness and ductility. Therefore, developing cobalt-free maraging steel with reduced quantities of expensive alloying elements to lower the production cost has been an important direction of maraging steels research. Over the past two decades, enormous advances have been achieved in the development of cobalt-free maraging steels to high strength levels with Ni and Ti as the major precipitation hardening phase in cobalt-free maraging steels.