Arcanians Research Paper

The Mayan political system was divided into city-states, where each had their own government, similarly to Ancient Greece. During the rise of the civilization, a social hierarchy was created, with religious figures and priests at the top granting them political power. This allowed for society to be dominated by religion, and for political figures to use religion to monopolize power and support. The Mayans expanded their civilization to gain more human sacrifices, or in the name of their religion, opposed to the Romans who expanded for political power. However, the Romans had very centralized systems of government. During the rise of the Republic, the new ideology of democracy and the defeat of the Persian Empire in the Persian War allowed for a societal belief in a strong government to rise. The Roman people believed that they have a strong centralized government, and people became increasingly greedy for power. Change occurred in Roman political power during the rise of the Empire. When Alexander the Great expanded the Roman Empire to the height of its political control by conquering nations throughout Europe and Asia, the greed for power is evident. The centralization of the Roman government allowed for expansion of the Empire through economic and religious growth, monopolizing control of trade throughout its territory and spreading religious ideology through the enforced religious unity and the Hellenistic

Throughout ancient human history, men and women held vastly different roles. Women were often given the duty of bearing and raising children, whereas men were expected to fight, provide an income, and protect the household. Women were seen as totally inferior to men and described by Euripedes as “a curse to mankind” and “a plague worse than fire or any viper.” However, this misogynistic view of women and designated role of inferiority was not apparent in every ancient civilization. The role of the female in ancient Greek history can best be explored and contrasted between two important civilizations: The Spartans and the Athenians. The Spartan women were incredibly advanced for their time, and the Athenian women were drastically far behind. Both the Spartan and Athenian women held roles at home and lived lives far removed from the men of their societies. However, their lives were much different. While the Spartan women were strong and educated, the Athenian women held a status almost equal to slavery. The Spartan women were far more advanced than Athenians in aspects of life including education, athleticism, and independence.

Because Augustus encouraged trade, many roads and highways were built for convenient traveling. Trading made easier increased trade, which boosted Roman economy even more.

The society of Ancient Greece was very much centered around the gods, and a healthy fear of the consequences of not obeying their laws. The next most important staples of the society were the concepts of braver, pride, and hospitality, or Xenia. The significance of these values is shown quite clearly in The Odyssey of Homer.

The Romans used commerce to consolidate the provinces and territories of their vast empire. Being a part of the Empire was of great economic benefit to almost all of the members; insomuch as the Romans built roads and protected sea routes, and inasmuch as the Roman Empire was so large, the Roman Empire’s subjects benefited from what amounted to a massive free trade zone. Roman commerce was a major factor in preserving the Empire for so long.

Some policies and institutions of the Roman Republic were useful to help them succeed in conquering first Italy and then the Mediterranean world. Before of the institution of the republic, the romans were a monarchy since their beginning and they were basically a pastoral people. Rome suffer several changes and improvements under the control of the Etruscan kings. The Etruscan were civilization settled north of Rome in Etruria, and they once had control over almost all the Italic peninsula. The Etruscans influences in Rome were profound, they transformed Rome from a pastoral community to a city (91). The Etruscan built the street and roads that help the development of temples, markets, shops, streets, and houses. They basically brought urbanization to Rome. It is fairly to say that the Rome republic was a fusion between the elements of the Etruscan civilization and the Rome elements. The combination of the different political institutions and policies made the Romans succeed in their conquest territories.

The video on YouTube named “THE ANCIENT GREEKS - ENGINEERING AN EMPIRE - Discovery History Science (full documentary)” by AncientDiscoveryHistory tells the story of the Ancient Greece. The video mentions that for over one thousand years, the charismatic and strong people of Greece made the most advanced technological wonders that the world has ever seen. Greece is a country of islands and city-states that was ruled by leaders whose thirst for greatness united people. However, Persia was the world’s superpower of that time. Persians were self-confident and multi-ethnic. Persia was a land power. A Persian invasion force of epic proportions came to Greece to add it to its empire, but Greece was ready to battle.

By the 440s B.C.E., the contributions of most city-states took the form of tribute—payment made as a sign of submission—sent to Athens’s treasury.Romans had founded the republic after dethroning their king in 509 B.C.E. They resolved to govern the Roman Republic according to laws. Around 450 B.C.E., to ensure the rights of all citizens in the courts, the Romans compiled their first set of written laws, the Twelve Tables.In 27 B.C.E., Octavian became the first official emperor. He assumed the title Augustus, which means “majestic.” Under Augustus and the next 15 or so emperors, the Mediterranean region enjoyed a time of relative calm known as the “Pax Romana,” or “Roman Peace.” The Romans, great road builders, extended their network of roads into conquered territories. This made the movement of troops to Roman colonies easier.The trade routes across Asia became known as the Silk Road. The Silk Road also carried goods and ideas eastward into China, including Buddhism, a religion that arrived from India during the time of the Eastern Han dynasty. Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries throughout the empire and also into Southeast Asia and Central Asia. He instituted religious tolerance in India, supporting Buddhist as well as non-Buddhist groups.Ashoka also issued edicts expressing

In ancient Greece, there was one dominant city-state, or Polis as the ancient Greeks called it, and this was Athens. It was a beautiful society that enjoyed art and literature very much and valued things like wholeness and excellence. However, one thing the Athenians did not value was women. They were deemed inferior by men, and treated more as a decoration rather than a human being.

Ardipithecus has been discovered, an Ancestor that dates back prior to the remains of Lucy. In the article written by Ann Gibbons and others, it dives into the discovery of our most ancient ancestor and the clues given to us from all 110 remains that have been found of A. ramidus. First let me begin with Lucy whose remains were found in 1974 and that dated back to 3.2 million years ago. These skeletal remains gave us the evidence needed to prove that our ancient ancestors were bipedal before evolving their big brains. After Lucy was discovered the scientist found themselves with even more questions, such as, were any previous ancestors before Lucy bipedal or did

Around the fifth century B.C.E, the Persians created a large and powerful empire influenced by other empires. To maintain their government, they distributed power to the people, specifically, their sons. According to Document 1, the Persians provided power to the men who had the most sons because they believed that number was strength. The sons were trained to speak the truth, and they held great power in the empire. Greece, specifically Athens, also distributed power to its people. In Document 2, Pericles, the Greek political leader and general of Athens and the Delian League, describes how the laws in Athens provided an equal chance for all to be included in public service as a reward of merit. This is a bit similar to the Persian Empire because both distributed power to their citizens. On the other hand, Pericles point of view may not be trustworthy because outside evidence shows that only free males in Athens were allowed to participate in public service, and Pericles made it seem as though all were allowed to participate, including women and non-Greek people. Additionally, the Persian Empire and the Roman Empire interacted with other empires and supported different cultures. For instance, Document 1 says how the Persians adopted foreign customs and how they changed certain customs to make it their own. In the Roman Empire, the cities were trade centers; people from all over the continent

That society was the Greek city-state of Sparta. People are used to hearing the name Sparta and thinking of the city's prowess in war.

During the fourth century, the ancient world was rocked by a dynamic political figure from the unlikely territory of Macedon. Alexander the Great was responsible for developing one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever witnessed. His military campaigns yielded major territorial gains across multiple continents, earning him incredible authority and prestige up to his untimely death. With the Macedonian throne newly vacant, a power vacuum developed as military elites sought to seize control over the empire. Known as the Successors, these individuals worked to build off of the success of Alexander and establish their own dominion over new lands. In their time as monarchs, Alexander and the Successors were responsible for the livelihood of numerous populations, including the Greek world. Alexander and the Successors maintained a strictly political relationship with the Greeks as their monarchs, taking on the responsibilities the kingship demanded.

Despite Athenian and Spartans being associates of the same influential nation, these two states or ‘Peloi’ and denominations of people in Ancient Greece in (400BC) were substantially different. The women in their own distinct societies endured several problematic issues and experienced inequity, demoralisation and condemnation. The notion of women and their purpose was typically conjectured by men in society, specifically Aristotle who claimed that women brought ‘disorder, were evil, were utterly useless and caused more confusion than the enemy’ . However despite misogynistic, biased and loathsome perspectives of women, both Athenian and Spartan women have all played exceedingly significant roles and contributed substantially to the prosperity of Ancient Greek society in their own inimitable ways.

The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic Period and covers 300 years to the invasion of Egypt by the Romans. The word Hellenic refers only to the Greeks, but the term Hellenistic refers to `the Greek-influenced societies that arose in the wake of Alexander's conquest' (Sacks, 105). The Hellenistic world extended from Greece all the way to Afghanistan and resulted in the beginning of the mass spreading of Greek culture. Its central characteristics were the mass empires created by Alexander and his successors, the mingling of Greek and other cultures and the diffusion of religions