Is precarious employment associated with women remaining childless until age 35 years? Results from an Australian birth cohort study. (Steele et.al, 2014)
Article review.
The study described in the article attempts to demonstrate that precarious employment conditions force women to procrastinate first childbirth till age 35. Below here there are the short summary of this article and its evaluation, focused on the choice of variables, the article structure and the study results.
The base for the study was the same as in the Life Journeys of Young Women Project (LJYWP), mentioned in Steele et.al (2011, cited in Steele et.al. 2014, p.156). Women (n=970) born in 1972-1975 in Adelaide hospital (March et al. 2010, cited in Steele et.al. 2014,
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The study has a number strength. First of all, it is an appropriate structure. The article contains a comprehensive literature review, presented in the introduction section. The literature review shows the breadth of the observed previous research worldwide, identifies the research gap, and states a clear research question. The section of materials and methods provides adequate reasons for all decisions about the measurement of variables and demonstrates a thought out study design. The study also observes a significant and representative sample. It consists of 643 women from different socio-economic groups, living at the same period on the same area, and they have different ethnic background. The authors excluded from participation those women who were not involved in the reproduction process (non-heterosexual) and those who at the time of first childbirth were too young to make a thought out decision (younger than 15 years old).
The study leaves a question to the choice of variables. In particular, authors mentioned the partner’s education and employment status, showing by this that they agree that the partner’s situation is important. At the same time a partner’s employment status was not taken into account. As article is dedicated to demonstrate that the stability of the family income is one the most significant moments that woman relies on while making the decision, the work status of a partner seems to be as important as a woman’s. On the
America being one the most industrialized nations it is shocking to most to discover that it does not provide a more beneficial maternity leave when compared to its European counterparts. Not only is Europe leading the way for a lengthier leave of absence for new mothers, they also provide financial benefits to those families with newborns, to American society this is not considered a cultural norm, in fact it is even bizarre to some that having a child while in the work force would even be beneficial. Consequently, the difficulty in accessing a reasonable maternity leave in America creates long term effects on a child’s development.
However, people fail, and not only because of lack of education or responsibility, but also because of simple contraceptives unavailability. At this stage, a woman face a perspective of bearing and having an unplanned and consequently, unwanted child.
The method used to study the hypothesis was by having 328 women completed five surveys up to 72 hours postpartum. They were between the ages of 18-42. Out of the group 68.6% were married or living with a partner and 43.3% had a job. The average number of years the women spent in school was 8.8yrs. More than half (59.2%), did not complete high school and only 2% (6) completed higher education. From the group, 19.2% of them had a miscarriage before. More than half (51.5%) had already
The negative mind-set of employers on pregnant employees plays an important role in causing discrimination. Women’s performance ratings were seen to decline after being pregnant, from “superb” to “terrible” as shared by one victim of pregnancy discrimination. This is because they are perceived as “overly emotional, often irrational, physically limited, and less than committed to their jobs” as compared to their non-pregnant woman counterparts and are hence “less valuable and dependable.” There is also the problem of additional workload for remaining staff or the potential need to hire temporary staff to tide over the maternity leave period. To compound the issue, employers suffer uncertainty as to when the employee will return to work, or worse, the employee leaves for good after their maternity leave period. In fact, a study done shows that only 60% of women go back to work within two years of their maternity leave. It is hence unavoidable that employers, being cost sensitive, worry that all the extra cost incurred will ultimately become a meaningless loss if their pregnant employees do not return to work.
When it comes to personal privacy, private license plate scanners collect billions of personal records per year, which contribute to vast databases that can be used by law enforcement. In the article “Private License Plate Scanners Amassing Vast Databases Open to Highest Bidders,” RT, March 6th, 2014 has increased that they tenfold its plate scans since September 2010, and adds 70 million scans a month. Following that, the publication In These Times, a progressive activism journal out of Chicago, continuously in their article “who has a right to track you?” Corporations argue that they have a right to collect data. These alternative viewpoints are presented quite differently, however. This essay will be about, does corporation have a right
There is data to support the idea of a mother taking time off or a woman reducing her working hours to part-time will hurt her significantly in the career world. The reason for this sudden break in a woman’s career being motherhood. The most popular reason for working less hours is in a law firm is for a mother to take care of her child. Taking this additional time off decreases the chances of the mother receiving a partnership immensely. When doing this, the mother also risks the idea of herself being seen as “not serious about her career”, permanently damaging her chances of promotion at the private practice. However, mothers are no less likely than childless women to receive a
Over the years women have struggled with wanted and unwanted pregnancies. Planned parenthood and not ?planned parenthood? has become a choice for some women. Variables will come into affect for each of theses women and certain circumstances will effect their decision to have an abortion or not to have an abortion. The populations in the research are women from sixteen to twenty-nine with information including ethical dilemmas, society influence, religious backgrounds, health issues, sexual activity, substance abuse, rape, financial issues, family /relationship dynamics, long term implications with physical and mental affects and legal ramifications and acts will be covered in this paper. The research will have statistics, evidenced based facts and legal documented court decisions, physical and mental health issues with interventions. Plan for change will be a consideration to help with this topic of abortion.
They surveyed 115 cohabitators from working lower and middle classes. The article describes how the economy effects marital decision making, it also shows how these people perceive financial issues as important to marriage. Also, that people think that marriage will change their lives, people think marriage should only occurs once finically set. The investigation and methods they use to complete this article was in-depth. They use racially and ethnically diverse people of both genders. Manning, Smock and Porter take in different aspects like education, personal income, and employment statuses. Findings show that income varies significantly by race/ethnicity and gender. The survey is adequate for gathering
A recent survey found the impact of motherhood on women's work as unstable across generations and that those with children as less likely to begin work or return to it than those who are childless or with only one child (Pacaut et al, 2012). The finding was drawn from retrospective data obtained from Statistics Canada's 2001 General Social Survey on family history. It used the responses of 24,310 individuals older than 15 years old in 10 Canadian provinces, excluding Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The data collected and analyzed were on their work and family histories, their marriages and families. These data allowed an analysis of the women's conjugal and parental situations and their entry and exit from the labor market throughout their lifespan. These were women born between 1937 and 1976 (Pacaut et al).
In addition, it has been noted that the access and time-span of maternity leave offered by a job greatly affects the amount of time it takes to return to work and future family-work relationships (Guendelman, Goodman, Kharrazi, & Lahiff, 2014). Those who were offered more than 12 weeks of maternity leave were more likely to return than those offered less (Guendelman, Goodman, Kharrazi, & Lahiff, 2014). Although this policy is highly complex, I chose to focus on impacts on gender roles, maternal health, children’s development, finances, and employer’s attitudes because these were the aspects that seemed to be abundantly clear throughout the research.
The author of “Be Sure You're Right, Then Go Ahead”: The Davy Crockett Gun Craze is by Sarah Nilsen. The purpose of the article is to give detail of how Davy Crockett became the emblem that was known for guns and coon skin hats. The author does not specifically identify the purpose of the article. The purpose is well stated in the detail given about how the legend became a legend and what part Walt Disney played in it. The war, families, television shows, toy makers, and any other company that could profit from Davy Crockett and The Wild Frontier played a major role in making Davy such a legend.
It has been argued that maternity leave is not only harmful to business but also to women themselves, and that it can be a burden on businesses so they may think twice about employing women. (7) Where leave is given, whether paid or unpaid, businesses have to fill the position vacated by the parents and this in itself creates additional work and cost for employers who have to pay for job advertisements, background checks and time for interviews. They are also faced with the cost of training the temporary
On the other hand, female’s role in society was to be wives. They take care of the children, do housework, or go to work which is limited to unskilled jobs or agriculture labor. Having a lot of children was a terrible panic for women because they had to go through the childbirth without medical access. Especially, women in working class families had to go back to work right after giving birth without taking any medicine because they needed money for the other children. Mothers’ health declined if they kept getting pregnant, so women tried many ways to prevent having children. However, most of the methods were not safe and sometimes dangerous for their body.
Of particular interest to me was the complicated nature of categorizing and defining self-forgiveness. What seemed to be a simple concept is, in fact, layered with multiple levels of complex considerations that must be addressed in order to properly define and diagram self-forgiveness.
According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, mothers who return to work soon after the birth of a child are more likely to become depressed and are less healthy than mothers who do not, and one third of mothers end up in debt after childbirth due to having unpaid maternity leave. When a woman has access to paid leave after birth they are more