In a longitudinal, correlational study, Kreppner et al. (2007) investigated whether early deprivation causes functional impairment and which features of early deprivation contribute to impairment. Kreppner, et al. (2007) chose four hypotheses derived from the current body of research: first, that the outcome would depend on the post-adoption environment because of its longer duration; second, that biological damage occurs during early deprivation so any resulting impairment would be still present at age 11; third, that deprivation beyond a sensitive period would be the decisive factor as to whether there was impairment at age 11; fourth, that impairment would be due to differences in individual resilience.
Kreppner et al. (2007) selected Romanian children adopted into the UK before 43 months of age; of these, 144 were raised in institutions and 21 were family raised–this group was used as a second control group. In addition, 52 children born in the UK but adopted before 6 months of age were also selected. To assess outcome, the children were measured at ages 6 and 11 in 7 areas of functioning. Impairment was defined as falling below the 85th percentile in a given area, except in the domain of autistic features, for which a clinical diagnosis was required. Multiple impairment was defined as falling below the cut-off in two or more of the areas. To validate the outcome measures, parents were surveyed as to the extent that mental health services and special education
As Sandy Kemmpner writes to his parents about his experience in the vietnam war, we can clearly notice that he cannot stand one more second of it. On September 2, 1996 he writes a letter to his parents describing the horrible conditions he has been put through. Using imagery, sarcasm and parallelism he is able to convey the anti-war sentiment.
On 02/11/2017 I was Dispatched to Smith Springs Elementary School for an investigation. A student Cire Kistner, was reported as being visibly distraught upon her arrival at school. She was taken to Lance Forman's office the schools principal and was questioned. The student reportedly told Forman that she and her sisters walked into the bathroom and witnessed their father, Eric Kistner, with a needle in his mouth and blood on his forehead. He was passed out on the floor. There was a spoon with "black watery play dough" on the counter. Principal Forman contacted DCS and informed them of the situation as well as MNPD. Metro P.D held the students at school, while also performing a welfare check on their father at the Kistner residence and calling
Question #1: As noted in the reading, Marcovitch et al. (1997) found relatively low rates of secure attachment among children adopted from Romanian orphanages and their adoptive mothers. Specifically, they found that 30% of the adopted children were securely attached, compared to 42% of a comparison sample of biologically related (raised at home) mother−child pairs. [Full reference: Marcovitch, S. G., Gold, A., Washington, J., Wasson, C., Krekewich, K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997). Determinants of behavioral problems in Romanian children adopted in Ontario. International Journal of
A little over two years ago Colin Kapernick the free agent quarterback whom once held a starting position as the quarterback for the San Francisco Forty-Niners began kneeling on one knee during the National Anthem played prior to the kickoff of every game. His reason in taking such measure for doing what he was doing was due to the injustice that was carried out on the way that Black American males have been treated in the United States of America. Ever since the slaying of unarmed Michael Brown, a young black male whom was gunned down whilst being unarmed in Ferguson, Missouri by a white police officer, no charges were filed. Even so following the death of Brown there has been numerous amounts of black males in America that were gunned down
P: Rutter et al also conducted an experiment into privation. A group of about 100 Romanian orphans were studied and assessed at the ages of 4, 6 and 11 years old. They were adopted by British families and showed normal emotional development; however after 6 months many of them showed disinhibited attachment (where infants can show overfriendliness and don’t discriminate between who they choose as attachment figures) and problems with peers. This supports Bowlby’s theory, because of the lack of a primary attachment figure and its effect on later relationships and attachments. However, when compared to an entire population its difficult to generalise these results and apply them as a general trend.
The impact of institutionalisation on childhood development has been a long-lasting debate. Many people believed that the behavioural problems of institutionalised children were innate, and in fact, the reason their parents had given them up. Research on the dangers of institutional care for children dates back to the 1940’s and after many studies, scientists have found a conclusive connection between institutionalisation and delayed physical, psychological and cognitive development.
Several studies have reported the severely adverse effects of childhood poverty on cognitive development and the toll of toxic stress in the well-being of the children. Because parents are constantly stressed from housing and food insecurity children’s stress mechanisms or their immune systems can become activated (John M. Pascoe, David L. Wood, James H. Duffee, Alice Kuo, 2016). When these lethal levels of stress hormones are
Childhood poverty is interrelated with brain development and external variables more specifically brain volume and the caregiver and stressful life events. According to “The Effects of Poverty on Childhood Brain Development” a research article by Joan Luby, MD and several affiliates of Washington University, “poverty negatively impacts brain development” (Luby, 2013). A second popular press article in U.S. News & World Report, “Early Childhood Poverty Damages Brain Development, Study Finds” by Allie Bidwell, who is the education reporter at U.S. News, summarizes the research study by Joan Luby and her colleagues and incorporates census data, previous research studies, and the opinion of Charles Nelson of the Boston Children’s Hospital and
“Mark Knopfler is one of the most celebrated British guitar heroes to emerge in the ‘70s and ‘80s” (All Music). He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on August 12, 1949. His family then relocated to England when he was seven years old and that was where his passion for music began. In 1967, Knopfler enrolled at Harlow Technical College to study journalism. Not to long after, he was given the opportunity to take a job position with Yorkshire Evening Post where he wrote about music. Mark graduated in the year of 1973. The young man did works with the famous Bob Dylan, Randy Newman, Scott Walker and much more before Knopfler released his own non-soundtrack album “Neck & Neck,” in 1990.
Children are faced with many consequences due to growing up in poverty. Most children who live in poverty go to poor unsuitable schools, live in unexceptable housing, and grow up around more violence and crime than any other parent would wish for their child. As soon as the child is born into poverty, they begin to feel the effects of it. They tend to have low birth weight and contain a higher risk of dying during infancy. We watched a video in class that showed that poverty could take a toll on the child’s learning capabilities, and health status. There were stories of children with hyperactivity problems, chronic ear infections which caused hearing loss, and even children who were not receiving the proper amount of nutrients to be able to grow and function correctly. The first years of a child’s life are the most crucial because most of the development of the brain occurs then.
In many cases of neglect, there has been an association with the brain failing to form appropriately. This causes impaired physical, mental, and emotional development (DePanfilis, 2006). A child's brain learns to adapt to a less than positive environment and this stunts the process of normal development. The brains of neglected children are not integrated and this causes difficulties in emotional, social, and cognitive development. The sensitive period, during the first two years of life, is a critical time in which brain activity faces severe psychosocial deprivation if faced with neglect and is unlikely to be recovered (Vanderwert, Marshall, Nelson III, Zeanah & Fox, 2010).
These findings were evident when deprived orphans from Romania were adopted to amorous families living in the United Kingdom. Following the adoption, cognitive and physical growth increased. These children had the ability to continue their growth through wise choices, enhanced education, and take advantages of new opportunities (Alvord & Grados, 2005). Finally, Berger (2008) explains “Adversity must be significant. Some adversities are comparatively minor (large class size, poor vision), and some are major (victimization, neglect). Looking at adversity from a humanistic perspective we need to recognize individual differences, such as culture, gender, and emotional experiences. Keep in mind, resilience is not a personality trait, it is a process.
The Rutter et al (1998).the Study showed that some children who have lived in a deprived environment were able to regain some of their cognitive development. The Rutter et al (1998) study tested and
The life-span perspective is a modern scientific approach to the study of human development that accounts for all phases of life including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and it breaks each phase into individual stages of development (Berger,2014). This perspective suggests that development is multidirectional, metacontextual, and all stages of development are important and play a crucial role in the individuals cognitive health (Berger,2014). The stages of development are categorized as infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and late adulthood. For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing on the infancy stage due to the importance of cognitive development before the age of two, middle childhood due to a child’s social structure becoming a defining factor in their lives, and emerging adulthood due to the stresses that an individual must endure while maturing into a young adult.
The results from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) also indicated that children removed from institutions and placed in foster care displayed higher IQ scores compared to children who remained in institutions and that those removed prior to 24 months showed sustained but not robust gains in IQ (Fox, Almas, Degna, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011). Dennis (1973) and Kagan (1979) suggested a similar sensitive period, after which the effects of institutional deprivation would be irreversible. However, in the BEIP study there were no children who were less than 6 months of age at the time of placement into foster case. Therefore, the timing (age) of intervention cannot directly be compared between these studies. However, there may be different sensitive