Asia Pacific and Illicit Drugs

But however to the injectors, heroin or any kinds of drugs makes them feel great, relax and calm. Many injectors are poor and hopeless, they have to scramble for their next heroin, meal, place to sleep and most importantly, the police. They often make friends with other drugs injectors because they need to seek to exchange the taste of heroin, loan of money and spare change. All kinds of drugs are harmful and we must stay alway from them. Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg spend a lot of time with few drug injectors on their daily life routines in order to do a fieldwork based on drugs injectors. The saddest part is where some women are willing to have sex with a random men just to get some money for the next shoot of

Several studies have shown that injection drug users lower their risk of transmitting infectious diseases when there is a needle exchange program available. There has not been a valid study of whether or not the amounts of time needles are returned to the exchange programs are harmful to communities. The Journal of Public Health, conducted surveys, evidence from needle exchange sites, jails, and institutions that needle exchange programs are effective in reducing illnesses such as HIV and AIDS (Burt & Theide, 2016). Furthermore, Reepalu, Blome, Bjork, Widell, & Bjorkman (2012), researched the same individuals for 20 years, with no breaks. Their studies concluded that injection drug use, not only heightens the risk for HIV and AID’s, there is also an increase in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. However, there studies showed that there is not an increase rate of cancer diagnoses due to injection drug use. In a study conducted by Bonar and Rosenberg (2014), they wanted to see if self-initiated harm strategies, such as: proper needle sterilization techniques, proper disposal of needles, and cleaning of the pre injected skin, could help improve the health of those that use drugs intravenously. Their study was conducted over an eight-month period, results showed that their

Vancouver Injection Drug User Study (VIDUS) is a project that gives a prospective study and has over 1500 IDU 's enlisted to assist since 1996 and gathers data on drug use, health, sexual activity, etc. Some of the topics discussed included: prison culture, availability and price of drugs and equipment, drug use, VIDUS shows that the risk of HIV infection indicated that incarcerated injection drug users were associated with a greater risk of 2.7 times (Small, Kain, Laliberte, Schechter, O 'Shaughnessy & Spittal, 2005).

As the number of intravenous drug users continues to rise, so does the risk of dangerous and potentially fatal complications that are associated with illicit drug use. In this population, death rates are higher due to overdose, AIDs-related mortality, and other blood-borne viruses (Mathers et al., 2013). Mortality rates remain high even though precautions have been taken to reduce them. According to Lavender & McCarron (2013), “Mortality in injecting drug users is up to 22 times higher than for the age-adjusted population, despite increased provision of needle and syringe programs, reduced needle and syringe sharing, and higher uptake of hepatitis B vaccination” (p. 511).

“Drug policy regarding the control of the traditional illicit substances (opiates, cocaine, cannabis) is currently moving through upbeat times in almost all Western countries. Prohibition on the basis of repressive law enforcement not only seems to fail on a large scale, but also to create vast additional costs, problems, and harm for drug consumers, who often find themselves in extreme social, economic, and health conditions” (Fischer 1995: 389).

Sharing of needles used by injection drug users contributes heavily to the spread of blood-borne diseases, accounting for almost one third of new HIV infections outside sub-Saharan Africa (Ball, 2007). Various studies support that blood-borne disease transmission and contraction are strongly linked to injection drug use. A study conducted by Semaan et al. that analyzed data of 10,301 persons who inject drugs in revealed that 32% had shared syringes during the 12 months prior (Semaan et al., 2011). A second study involving 309 injection drug users found HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C prevalence of 42.4%, 80.9%, and 74.1%, respectively. The study also revealed that 63.8% of the participants engaged in indirect sharing practices within six months prior.

Injecting drug users (IDUs) are frequently interviewed regarding drug use, risk behaviors and criminality. Users are far less frequently asked about their attitudes towards drug related issues and this generally relates to treatment provision and health issues, such as blood borne viral treatment, naloxone distribution, and needle and syringe programs. Little research exists on the attitudes of IDUs towards the legal status of illicit substances, yet clearly the legal status of a substance is of relevance to users, given that IDUs have high rates of arrest and imprisonment for possession, dealing and acquisitive crime. Study Method. They recruited people in September of 2011- August of 2012. They paid each participant $30. Recruited by word of mouth, advertisements, and through needle and syringe programs. Eligibility criteria were: 18 years old, satisfactory understanding of English and weekly injecting drug use over the preceding 12 months. 313 people were screened and participants were assured of both confidentiality and anonymity, and the study had ethical approval from the University of New South Wales and all relevant area health services. Study Findings. The sample consisted of 300 regular IDUs. The mean age was 37.1 years and 69.7% were male. The sample had completed a mean of 9.8 years of schooling. 34% had completed a trade/technical course and 2% a university degree. The majority were unemployed (83.0%), with 5.0% in fulltime employment and 12.0% in

Narcobusiness is entrenched in economies and in lives of people in the drug producing countries. It provides much better income than traditional jobs. Weakening of the state, its inability

Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It’s important keeping drug dependent people free of HIV this prevents its spread to their partners and their children. In order to provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should be advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and syringes, are proven interventions to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses, and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health agencies.

In March 2004, an 18-month study was developed to calculate the number of overdose events that occurred at Insite that could have been resulted to drug related complications, including death (Kerr et al., 2006a). Within the 18 months of the study, there was a total of 336 overdose events, a rate of 133 overdose events per 10000 injections at Insite (Kerr et al., 2006a). “None of the overdose events occurring at the [safe injection facility] resulted in a fatality” (Kerr et al., 2006a, p4). Insite has trained health professionals who are able to recognize the indicators of injection drug related overdose, such as ace turning pale, blue, or flushed, or not being able to respond to pain stimulus (Kerr et al., 2006a). Due to prior knowledge, the health professionals are able to take the appropriate measures to stabilize the injection drug user, which will decrease the injection drug related overdose fatality rate (Kerr et al., 2006a). Blood borne diseases, such as HVC and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), are deadly diseases that are commonly found in injection drug users (REFERENCE). Injection drug users are high at risk for these deadly diseases due to the fact that many injection drug users tend to share paraphernalia, like syringes, which can also transmit blood to and from the injection drug user (Kerr et al., 2005a), (Kerr et al., 2005b). Another study was conducted in March 2004 for a 7-month period to examine if the safe injection site reduced syringe sharing amongst injection drug users who use Insite (Kerr et al., 2005b). 582 individuals were analyzed for HIV, and were asked to state whether or not they had been sharing syringes in the past (Kerr et al., 2005b). The results of the

In 2014, approximately 13 million people are injecting drugs worldwide, which is an alarming 0.3% of the entire adult population (UNAIDS, 2014). Injecting drugs often results in increased negative health consequences and may lead to the transmission of blood-borne viruses such as HIV. As of now, about 1.7 million, or 13% of the injected drug users are living with HIV (UNAIDS, 2014). Though featured in nearly every country, injected drug use is still treated as a crime and lead easily to incarceration (UNAIDS, 2014). This essay seeks to examine how incarceration fails as a method of illicit drug control and puts an already at-risk group in further peril.

The international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs.

Drug trafficking has been an ongoing epidemic in the United States, as well us other countries for an unimaginable amount of time. Illegal drugs varying from heroin and cocaine are primarily the main drugs that get smuggled in the United States from South America. Even marijuana and methamphetamine have been popular in the drug smuggling “industry”. These gangs go to a variety of different extents to get the job done. Drug trafficking increases the violence levels These drugs have been smuggled through the Southwest Border since the 1970s and are attempting to expand the distribution of those drugs into eastern U.S. markets. The countries of drug production have been seen as the worst affected by prohibition. In many countries worldwide, the illegal drug trafficking can be directly linked to high violent crimes. This is especially true in third world countries, but has still been seen as an issue for many developed countries all over the world. Drug trafficking increases the risk of violence and crime due rise of addiction along with an increase of death. It also effects the along with correctional system effects.to its high costs, Nearly all of the heroin produced in Mexico is destined for distribution in the United States. Organized crime groups operating from Mexico produce, smuggle, and distribute various illegal drugs after trafficking them across the US border. Trafficking groups that operate from Mexico tend to avoid penalties by their stealthy methods of smuggling

Drug trafficking has become an increasingly growing problem in the world today. Illegal drug trade is a worldwide black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging, and sale of illegal substances. Although today’s "War on Drugs" is a modern phenomenon, drug problems have been a common problem throughout history. The market for illegal drugs is massive, when we consider the estimated global drug trade value is worth $321 billion (Vulliamy). The most drug trafficking happens on the border between Mexico and the United States. Former Mexican President Felipe Calderon said, “Our neighbor is the largest consumer of drugs in the world. And everybody wants to sell him drugs through our door and our window”

Drug trafficking and drug abuse has long been a frustrating feature of United States and other country around the world. The United Nations Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention points out that the fight against drug