2.0 CHAPTER 2 LITERATRE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this section of the dissertation it will provide a detailed insight to the benefits offsite production can bring to a construction project. As well as discussing some of the key factors that, need to be thought through in order to execute this method successfully within a construction project.
2.2 History of offsite construction
Offsite construction is a method of building that can be traced back to being used thousands of years ago as far back as Roman times. It is perhaps most commonly associated with the post war when there was a demand for housing and rebuilding in the form of prefabricated building were seen as the solution (Brennan, 2013). The end of the war in the United Kingdom seen the construction industry hit with major skill shortages and building materials, both of which had been preoccupied by there commitments to the war. (A L Rogan, 2015) It resulted in a critical shortage of housing this shortage inspired a search for new techniques of construction that would help provided a solution. Iimmediately after the war there was a large amount of steel production from industries that were targeted towards the war output and now required to rethink how the operate (Taylor, 2015).
This resulted in these industries turning towards offsite prefabrication and developed many varieties of concrete, timber, steel and hybrid framed systems. Throughout the 50’s and 60’s the UK building industry moved towards industrialised
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time.
A basic definition for the procurement is “the way the building is realised” and “involves assembling and organising the skills and services of a team of construction professionals”. (the Construction Round Table, 1995). More precisely, the construction industry describes procurement as “a system that establishes the roles and relationships which make up a project organisation”; hence the overall organisation and communication structure for the management, administration and control of a project is established by the procurement system. (D.C.H Coles, 2010)
Lightweight construction started showing up in the late seventies and has come to dominate the construction industry both on a commercial and residential level. The construction industry began using pre-manufactured components and lightweight construction methods in order to improve the efficiency of the construction process and to reduce costs associated with materials. Light weight construction is very efficient in the fact that it takes less material and money to manufacture. It can perform the task of a much larger and heavier piece of material with a quarter of the weight and using less space.
Humphrey McQueen, as a prominent historian, has undertaken extensive research and analysis in building and construction OH&S field seven years ago and demonstrates his arguments proactively in his books Framework of Flesh in 2009, We Built This Country in 2011.
Construction: Includes house builders such as Bryant Homes and civil engineering companies such as John Laing and Carillion and Sir Alfred McAlpine. Between them they construct all types of buildings in additional to motorways, bridges, road and railways. Also included are electricians, plumbers, plasters, joiners, painters and glaziers who work on building sites.
Our position is, we manufacture frames and trusses according to the plans and specifications provided by the designer (LBP) and the components we manufacture are supplied to the builder (LBP) who assembles them on site. We are firmly arguing that the building work only commences once the frames and trusses are delivered to site and the builder then
The houses and buildings of today are constructed with a wide array of building material
Frank Gilbreth’s ideas might have been specific about certain subjects such as production and manufacturing; however, this doesn’t imply that they could not apply to the construction industry. The concepts behind his inventions and his approach towards finding the solution of each distinct problem are extremely thought provoking. If we were to absorb his approach to everyday construction issues, we would surely be able to innovate and find solutions to the problems we had not previously recognized as existing.
Construction workers have to know how to repair structures and fixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboard, using carpenter’s hand tools and power tools. In addition to knowing how to use the machine properly.
Furthermore, new building materials and technology have encouraged the emerging success of modern architecture. For example, floor to ceiling glass created lightness and openness to buildings. Le Corbusier once said that a building is a machine for living in. Following this, a factory is basically like a machine in the form of a building.
One of the most prevalent features seen throughout the modernization of the world in various places is the expansion of infrastructure. Buildings were built taller, roads were constructed more extensively, and bridges connecting two areas of land separated by water were formed. As cities became larger, populations increased, and with it, property values went up. As the population and land prices rose, the urgency for taller buildings grew with it. However, all of this required a material that was strong enough to withstand an immense amount of force. The higher buildings were built, the more likely it was to collapse from enduring all of that weight. Large-scale buildings were built through the use of iron frames combined with glass or other
I have gained appreciation of the commercial pressures that the construction industry is exposed to and how our work as structural engineers is influences by it. I have developed this understanding through working my projects London Wall Place and Key Bridge House, through graduate training, reading on the subject and taking part in the Enginuity competition.
The major political influences on the construction industry in London at the moment are the Mayor of London’s Sustainable Design and Construction Supplementary Planning Guidance to the London Plan, the Climate Change Action Plan, and the Governments lack of response to the effects of the recession. The recession has almost completely stopped the building of new houses and has led to the mothballing of most of the
The section I read covered the history of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the building process from the 18th century to the 19th century. Beginning in the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, new machinery, and industrially fabricated materials began to appear on construction sites. Entering the 20th century there was a real attempt to adopt the industrial manufacturing processes from the previous centuries, due to a high demand for housing and construction during the post war period. It wasn’t until this time mass production of materials and machinery altered the building process which led us in a direction of robotics in architecture. With the increasing interest of time and cost saving, and increasing population of cities, by the end of the 20th century distinct change had occurred in the design process- resulting in new technology development to keep up with the transforming society. Looking at the history of the industrial revolutions impact on architecture I can understand the consistent pursuit on innovation and the demand to improve the building process, and what architecture has become today- the introduction of robotics in my opinion, is much needed. Without the constant evolvement of previous technology the modern world we live in today wouldn’t exist but because of the great adaption to society, building has entered a realm where human
The construction industry much like other industries is dependant with the distribution of “scarce resources” (Drake,1994). Many of its resources known as the factors or production i.e. labour, capital, land etc. are limited (Gregory-Mankiw, 2008), however, wants and desires within the industry are infinite (Myers, 2013). Kishtainy notes that this creates two problems; at any given time, there will be a fixed number of resource, against numerous wants. Sloman 2003 adds that in an effort to rectify this, he argues that we must make choices, in terms of choices within the construction industry Myers suggested that firms need to considered their investments made, how they construct and for whom they construct for.