Beta Vulgaris Lab Report

Some factors may have affected the rate of diffusion of the substances in the experiment which may have led to inaccurate results. Such factors may include but are not limited to inconsistent temperatures and concentrations, the type of medium used, or handling and execution of the experiment

After precisely conducting the experiment and tabulating the results, data for Paraquat toxicity upon P. vulgaris plants can be interpreted over several different parameters. The parameters by which Paraquat toxicity was examined within this experiment involve visual observations, x-ray diffraction, chlorophyll concentrations, protein concentrations, and lastly malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on a per mg of protein basis. As stated before Paraquat is very widely used herbicide known to produce superoxide anions leading to chloroplast membrane damage and ultimately a variety of adverse effects upon the host organism, in this case P. vulgaris (Chia et al., 1982).

in general is more hydrated and doesn’t react or process the alcohol as quickly. Thus

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

Whole mount preparations were prepared using nerves which were harvested from animals sacrificed using Ketamine 40-100 mg/kg IP and Xylazine 5-13 mg/kg IP. Animals underwent transcardial perfusion with 500 ml of 0.9% saline, followed by 500 ml of ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.

vulgaris were prepared by repeatedly rinsing in distilled water to remove surface betalain (Flinders, 2015). A control group and two treatments were taken, the control was at room temperature (25 degrees Celsius), and the treatments were at 50 degrees Celsius and 80 degrees Celsius. Cubes of B. vulgaris were placed into cuvettes with three ml of distilled water, the treatments were started five minutes apart to ensure each treatment was recorded at the correct time. The light absorbency of each treatment was then recorded using a spectrophotometer set at 540nm, the absorbency for each treatment was checked after 0 minutes, 15 minutes and, 30 minutes in the water baths. Before measuring the light absorbency of each treatment a cuvette with 3 millimetres of distilled water was placed in a spectrophotometer to set it to zero. The absorbency in the solution was measured in arbitrary units (AU), the higher the light absorbency, the higher the plasma membrane permeability. Each treatment was gently swirled before being placed into the spectrophotometer to disperse the colour. Each treatment had three replicates to guarantee an accurate average could be recorded. The results were then collated into tables and

and refractive index results. The prediction of ethanol produced through the alcohol by volume (ABV) calculation wasn't calculated close to the ethanol results. Both results had the same, where the control had a higher percentage of ethanol produced rather than the variable. Another trend was both ethanol and ABV results had close to the same difference of ethanol produced for the controlled which was around 3.5%. This data doesn't fit the research, as it shows that the more sugar added to alcohol the more ethanol is produced. The results above prove that this statement is wrong as the ethanol results show that the control has 3.5% more and for the ABV 3.41% more ethanol produced which is wrong as the variable should've produced more alcohol as there is more dextrose (+200g) added to it. When comparing the class data for the ethanol results, the data for the the variable from -600 to -200 which had less sugar added proved the theory right if more sugar is added, more ethanol is produced and if less sugar is added, there is less ethanol produced. Where as all the groups who increased the sugar volume ended up as the control having a higher ethanol

Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate how different temperatures (0C, room temperature, 50C, and 80C) affect the membrane permeability of Beta vulgaris. The aim was achieved by using both quantitative and qualitative data. The absorbance reading of Beta vulgaris cubes in varying water temperatures over a period of 30 minutes were measured using a spectrophotometer. The intensity of the colour red also indicated the extent of the membrane permeability. An increase in colour intensity resulted in greater permeability (Flinders University, 2016).

This is true because in Osmosis the water wants to go to the place where there is a small amount of water to balance out the concentrations. The cup, when it was filled with 30% and 70% alcohol, had the water inside the cell leave to go balance out the lowered concentration of water. Notice in the graph below, when there was 0% alcohol in the cup the weight increased. Unlike the trials for 30% and 70% alcohol the cell gained weight because it did not have to go dilute another substance, so the water did not have to leave the cell to maintain equilibrium. All of this means that when there is another substance, the concentration of water changes causing osmosis to occur balancing out the concentrations. This evidence supports the claim because once the alcohol entered the cup it changed the concentration of water on the outside, making the water leave the cell to balance out both concentrations. Again, osmosis is when the water from a high concentration goes to a low water concentration. During the trials with 30% the substance mixture outside of the cell was hypotonic, meaning that the concentration of solutes, or a substance that dissolves in another, was lower than the concentration of solvents, the substance that dissolves. In the trial with 70% alcohol in the cup, the situation is flipped and the outside of the cell is hypertonic, meaning there is a high concentration of solute and a low concentration of solvent. In this case the solute is the alcohol and the water is the solvent. Looking at others arguments, other groups support the claim stated at the very start of this argument. Other groups all had something along the lines of “when there is an increasing amount of alcohol the amount of water in the cell

For the first experiment the graphs depicted exclude the outliers from being represented in the results (Figure 1). The outliers were also excluded from the chi square analysis. There was a significant drop in isopods that went under the dry sponge. In the chi square analysis, the X^2 value is 41.18. The Degrees of freedom value is 3 and the P value is 0.3285.

Before conducting the experiment, the predicted results were methanol would lyse first, followed by ethanol, ethylene glycerol, ammonium chloride, and ammonium acetate. Glucose, sucrose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glycine, and sodium acetate were not predicted to lyse at all. Sodium acetate, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride are all extremely polar molecules. As a result they did not travel through the cell membrane, and no lysing occurred. This further supports the spectrophotometry and microscopy experiments where sodium chloride was used as a control. Sucrose and glucose are also extremely large polar sugar molecules, and as a result did not lyse the cell. Methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycerol, and glycerol are all alcohols; they are relatively small and nonpolar. They were incredibly permeable to the cell membrane, and their rate of permeability was based on their molecular weight. Methanol had the smallest molecular weight and lysed the red blood cells fasted. Ethanol was the next smallest, followed by ethylene glycerol, and glycerol. Ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride both lysed faster than glycerol because in an aqueous solution the ammonium loses a hydrogen to become ammonia, which causes the molecule to no longer be polar. As a result, the molecule is able to travel through the cell

The purpose of the experiment was to produce ethanol through fermentation and determine the maximum concentration of the ethanol product through fractional distillation.

The four different plant cells had different isotonic points and, therefore, proved that the internal solute concentration of plants in a different environment are different. To elaborate further, the isotonic point is defined in this lab as having about 50% plasmolyzed and 50% unplasmolyzed cells in a specific species. In terms of salt concentration, a higher isotonic point indicates that the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell. For example, plant cells with an isotonic point at 4% salt concentration have more solutes inside the cell compared to a 1% salt concentration because they maintain their turgor pressure at higher concentrations. The salt concentration will always refer to the outside environment of the cell unless otherwise specified. The Onion cells

The results of the experiment showed that water was the most effective preserver for cucumbers. Ratings 0-2 were used to describe how well each liquid preserved the cucumbers. The water, completely preserving the cucumber had an average rating of 2. Vinegar being the second best preserver was given an average rating of 1.2. Finally, lemon juice, being the worst preserver was given an average rating of 0.1. None of the cucumbers grew any mold during the length of the experiment, but the cucumbers stored in lemon juice were all extremely softened and seemingly inedible. The cucumbers kept in water had stayed the same and looked healthier and greener if anything. The cucumbers in vinegar while still edible were slightly softened and looking a bit brown.

In conclusion the purpose of this experiment was to see how competition for natural resources in the environment can affect population growth. Also, to explain how limitations of resources affect different species of Paramecium. The hypothesis was that if the Paramecium Aurelia and Paramecium Caudatum grow alone then they will grow more productively because together they would eventually overload the carrying capacity. In this experiment the hypothesis was shown to be correct. The data did support the hypothesis. According to the data, the Paramecium caudatum population reached its carrying capacity on day 8 (58 cells/mL) when it was alone. Although, when the Paramecium caudatum in mixed culture it reached its carrying capacity on day 8 when