Introduction The final project of the Spring 2018 Foundations of Biology lab focuses on investigating variation in a population. As a class we study population variation to better understand evolution and the mechanics behind it. What is the basis of evolution? The basis of evolution is the differences in the alleles carried by the members of the population in their genome. The differentiation in allele frequency accounts for a majority of the observable hertable differences in a population. Specifically in this project we are anaylzing variation in the population of our Foundations of Biology class. The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the genetic variation in the Foundations of Biology class by looking at two specific …show more content…
The LCT gene on the 2nd chromosome encodes for the specific enzyme lactase. Lactase can digest lactose the major sugar in milk. Individuals who do not have the enzyme lactase are unable to digest lactose and the sugar is sent directly to the colon for fermentation. A majority of the world population lose their ability to produce lactase. This phenomenon is known as adult-type hypolactasia. This phenomena is the ancestral trait of LCT. Lactose tolerance stemmed from a polymorphism of a C -> T base pair change on the LCT locus. Lactose tolerance is dominant to adukt-type hypolactasia. There is a high T frequency in people of european descent because of positive selection and the invention of dairy farming.The TAS2R38 gene on the 7th chromosome translates the protein that allows people to taste the bitterness of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). PTC is a synthetic chemical created by Arthur Fox in 1930. Fox did not notice the bitter taste but his collegue could taste the bitterness. The ability to taste PTC is one of the most studied human traits around. There are only two common types of alleles for PTC tasting in humans but at least five other rare alleles that affect the phenotype. The taster allele is the PAV allele and the nontaster allele is the AVI allele. (Leicht and McAllister,
The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in
The purpose of this experiment was we were trying to see if the number of arthropods would be significantly different in sparse and dense areas of the woods. Ms.Ehnert provided us with the design of a trap to set up in the woods so we could more actually count the amount and types of bugs that we find. The trap was a cup filled with anti-freeze that we put in the ground and then covered it with a paper plait, but raised it so bugs could get in and bigger animals couldn’t. We waited for a week to collect the results and then counted all of them and sorted them. My hypothesis was based off of common sense, the simple assumption that less trees equals less arthropods and more trees equals more arthropods. I knew that living things need a habitat
Predominant life fuel resource changed during the body development. ATP is mainly sourced from glucose at fetal phase, then gradually shift to fatty acid metabolism after birth. Studies proved that individuals born with a low birth weight (LBW) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life, which glucose transport and related metabolism involved. In this paper, author use the lamb as the IUGR model, tried to find out the effect of changes in the intrauterine environment that result in LBW on key regulatory proteins involved in cardiac glucose metabolism, glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism.
The outcome of this lab proved for the prediction to be true. The organisms in the aquatic chamber died out and the water quality slowly deteriorated before the lab ended. Although the organisms eventually died, there was a time when the aquatic chamber was able to support life. The aquatic chamber had its own food chain where the fish ate the plant to stay alive. Furthermore, the water quality of the chamber began to deteriorate over the few weeks becoming a cloudy murky brown color.
The first agarose gel provided insight into whether or not Zassy’s genomic DNA had been cut by the Sal I HF (NEB) restriction enzyme. As seen in Figure 1, Zassy’s cut DNA, in lane 3 left clear fragments between the 3 kb and 0.5 kb areas. Zassy’s uncut DNA, in lane 2, left a clear and bright band above the 10 kb marker. Therefore, the gel confirmed that Zassy’s DNA was successfully cut with Sal I because there was a significant difference the cut and uncut DNA that was run through the gel. There was an additional lane of cut DNA because another student adopted Zassy in the early stages of this experiment. Nevertheless, the clear distinction between lanes 2 and 3 allowed the experiment to continue on to purification of the DNA.
3. Soil samples were collected at varying distances from the lake at 10m increments (0-40m) using the shovel and meter stick. Soil samples were only collected from a depth of about 2-8 inches.
phenylethyl alcohol to change the membrane permeability of Gram-negative bacteria (13). Growth on the plate indicated a positive result. Lack of growth on the EMB plate also suggested a Gram-positive bacterium. This was because the medium contained a methylene blue dye that hindered the growth of such bacteria (14). The high sodium content of the MSA plate created a high osmotic pressure that inhibited the growth of species that cannot withstand the pressure (15).
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to study cell physiology. This is described as the scientific procedure that studies the functions of cells growth and their maintenance, self-regulation, their divisions and interactions. This involve their functions through the nucleus, cytoplasm, and general behavior of protoplasm. Physiology is the science that analyzes the functionality of living organisms, its structures, and the chemical and physical aspects involve in it. While people analyze cells components, they can notice the development of cells and how they get untied to form organs and other structures.
No cell lives in isolation. Cells need to communicate between each other in order for all biological live on Earth to exist. There are several types of cellular signalling (neural, endocrine, exocrine, paracrine, autocrine). In most cases signals are released by signalling cells. These signalling molecules recognise and bind to specific receptors on the target cell. In order for the signal to be generated in most cases there has to be an environmental change.
For the DNA extraction of positive strains, using spores on which MS media and following the process extract genomic DNA from actinomycetes:
Microbes ate my homework Soil and nutrients investigation Tina Shen Grade 9/3 Introduction In this experiment we investigated the effect of microbes on different types of paper. The aims of this practical were to find out how fast the soil microbes decomposed different types of papers, to explore the role of soil microbes in the carbon cycle and to introduce the use of enzymes in industrial processes. Hypothesis (my predictions): The paper types containing nutrient broth and soil will decompose faster.
The purpose of this lab is to examine the internal organ systems of vertebrate that has similar internal organ systems of a human. Additionally to be able to identify where organs of the digestion, circulatory, and respiratory systems are located in a rat and their function according to the rat’s anatomy.
To learn more about the genetic variation within out class, we chose two loci to examine: the TAS2R38 gene located on chromosome 7 and the PV92 Alu
The LCT locus is located on chromosome 2, and encodes for the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose into its monomers to aid digestion of dairy in the small intestine (Leicht & McAllister, 2017). The two potential alleles that LCT has are C and T, which can form three potential genotypes in
The law proves that natural selection is necessary for evolution to occur ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The conditions set up by the Hardy-Weinberg Law allow for variability (the existence of different alleles) and inheritance, but they eliminate natural selection ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The fact that no evolution occurs in a population meeting these conditions proves that evolution can only occur through natural selection ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The Hardy-Weinberg Law allows us to estimate the effect of selection pressures