Brca1 And Brca2 : Factors That Affect The Risk Of Breast Cancer

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

This examination compiled the following information: Grandmother “C” has BRCA1 trait resulting in double mastectomy at age 35, prior to diagnosis Grandmother “C” only medical condition was hypertension,. Mother “M” information was obtained. Mother "M" provided the

Another factor that contributes to the development of breast cancer is actually the hormone estrogen. This seems unusual because estrogen is a hormone that is essential to the bodies of women in various ways. Estrogen is necessary for normal growth and development of breasts and reproductive organs, as well as for the maintenance of a healthy heart and bones. However, lifetime estrogen exposure may increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. It does not actually produce the mutation in the DNA, nevertheless Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cells that already contain a mutation. These mutated cells will continue to reproduce and have an increased chance of becoming cancerous.

High-risk families include those whose members carry a mutation in the BRCA2 gene. The mutated BRCA2 gene is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A child needs to inherit just one copy of the mutated gene to have an increased cancer risk. Children who have a parent with a BRCA2

“In 2015, there are more than twenty-eight million women with a history of breast cancer in the United States of America. This Includes women currently being treated and women who have finished treatment. – BreastCancer.Org“ Breast cancer has taking over many people bodies, also lives. Anybody can get breast cancer from man to women. Cancer doesn’t have to be in your family history for you to get it.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. There are at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be passed from parent to child, increasing the risk of developing cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of developing breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. In contrast, men carrying BRCA1 have no risk to develop breast cancer, but those carrying BRCA2 genes have high risk. It is important to note that mutations in these genes can be passed on to children by either parent. A man with a mutation is just

My mother, Bonita, was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 45. She first discovered the lump herself and proceeded to take it to a professional to get it checked out. There is no evidence in her immediate family to say that this is hereditary, but a combination of a few factors increased her risk of getting breast cancer. My mother was overweight, has had an early menstruation (before age 12), lived a sedentary lifestyle, and at the time she didn’t have a well-balanced diet. Along with those factors, her doctors pointed out that her risk could have been increased by her use of an oral contraceptive.

A quantitative allelic imbalance assay was developed to determine differences in gene expression from individual BRCA1/2 alleles. Allele-specific assays quantify gene expression specific to the allele being tested. For the BRCA1 gene, two individuals homozygous for the BRCA1-c.4308T/T or BRCA1-c.4308C/C polymorphism were tested. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was created from reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using RNAs extracted from blood lymphocytes. RT-PCR uses reverse transcriptase to form an RNA/cDNA heteroduplex that is then amplified by normal polymerase chain reaction techniques to produce a large quantity of cDNA. Ratios of the cDNA from the two alleles were mixed for use in real-time PCR (qPCR). qPCR uses fluorescent probes that anneal to the cDNA during PCR. These probes contain a reporter and a quencher; the reporter fluoresces when separated from the quencher, allowing a computer to measure the number of cycles needed for the fluorescence to exceed background levels (cycle threshold or CT). Using the ratios of cDNAs and ∆CT, a linear regression was computed to form an allelic expression standard curve that can be used to evaluate allelic imbalance. These same methods were repeated with BRCA2 with two individuals homozygous for the BRCA2-c.3396A/A or BRCA2-c.3396G/G allele.

On Wednesday September 25, we watched a film that changed many people’s lives. The film was about a woman with a goal. A goal that if achieved, it had the ability to impact many families for the better. The woman whom the film is centered toward is Mary-Claire King. Mary, a graduate from UC Berkley, was a cancer researcher and used her background to make significant discoveries. In the film, the cancer that Mary-Claire focuses on is breast cancer. Dr. Mary-Claire wondered why breast cancer seemed to be an inherited trait in some families. Thus, she decided to focus her research on ways the cancer can be inherited. She conducted her research by gathering families with the “inherited” breast cancer gene. Mary-Claire and company was going to look at chromosomes of each individual and then look at specific sections of the chromosomes. Next, they would compare the DNA to those in the family to see if there were any differences or similarities. If there was a

Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the only cause for breast cancer. A mutation in the human epidermal growth

Such findings, all of which relate to hormone-based life events, suggest that breast cancer is somehow affected by prolonged exposure to female sex hormones, such as estrogen. Women with a history of breast cancer in the family are also at greater risk. About five percent of all breast cancers have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, gene known as BRCA1. Mutations in a second gene, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of breast cancer in Jewish women. Alcohol, high levels of fat in the diet, and not exercising regularly have also been linked to increased risk for breast cancer (Garber).

For those who may inherit one copy of BRCA, they get a higher chance of getting cancer because they only need one more mutated BRCA to develop cancer.

Meanwhile, in addition to the male's occupation, radiation exposure and age can lead to breast cancer developments ( National Cancer Institute, 2007). When these risk factors are revealed in a diagnoses of breast cancer, men have more advanced cancerous growths than women (Giordano, 2004). So men may think, how do I get breast cancer? Is it inherited?

Genome studies have identified about 80 or more genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked with breast cancer risk. Each variant only discreetly alters breast cancer risk; however, together they add large risk data to current risk analysts. Therefore, when added to traditional risk models, such as the Gail model, the Tyrer-Cuzick model and/or the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BSCC) model, a combination of genetic risk factors can be used to increase risk arrangement. Risk arrangements with SNPs and other genetic alternates may also be useful to aid in other decisions for breast cancer prevention and screening. For

“A number of relatively rare, high-risk genes have been identified which predispose to common cancers such as breast, colon, and melanoma.” Which is something that is clearly important in the clinical setting but has to be discussed to basically help the genes population be known. This article I found that when you examine the genetic model and the expected impact that this is another way to find early screening, and this is all being founded by genetics.