BRCA2 And Breast Cancer

Personally, I feel like BRCA1 may not predict cancer in the future because cancer cells are always evolving. Just because the BRCA1 marker can predict cancer now, it does not mean it can in the future. The makeup of cancer cells may very well change which means the BRCA1 gene mutation would also have to evolve to be able to make those same predictions. This is what makes viruses and cancer such deadly and scary diseases. They are always evolving and retailing against our cures and antibiotics. For example, take vaccines. You purposely inject a very small portion of a virus into your body so your body can learn how to fight out the virus before you get the real thing and become extremely sick. Cancer cells are able to evolve just like the cells

It can mutate in many ways, but truncating mutation types are associated with the greatest incidence of breast cancer because since DNA repair functions are not functioning properly, other mutations of fast-replicating cells go unchecked and allow for aggressive tumor growth. BRCA2 is the next type of tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 12q12 and is also involved with DNA repair, and also result from truncated proteins. BRCA2 mutations account for 35-40% of all BRCA gene mutations, and 28-32% of all hereditary breast cancers. So, what do breast cancers actually do? For starters, we have cytokines that mediate intracellular communication locally to cause an integrated response to stimuli. These can be synthesized be healthy or diseased cells, and their job is to regulate survival, growth, differentiation and effector functions of the cell. In breast cancer, many cytokines have a role in expression of cancer cells and are usually produced at the site of the tumor. The certain suppressive cytokines may inhibit the immune response against tumor cells and will inhibit the functions of lymphocytes that are associated with tumor suppression and may in turn actually promote tumor growth. There is a category of cytokines that are

information that until 2014 her only medical condition was Irritable Bowel Syndrome, BRCA1 was identified when an abnormal mammogram came back in 2014. A biopsy was performed due to the calcification being identified on scan, upon biopsy it was identified as stage 1 breast cancer at age of 61. Daughter “K” has no know medical conditions was identified with BRCA1 gene in 2015.

Breast cancer is an uncontrollable division of cells within the breast tissue that affects about 12% of women in their lifetime. Cancer can be caused by sporadic mutations influenced by environment or by genetic disposition. Several genes play a role in cell division: Oncogenes are responsible for directing mitosis, and tumor suppression genes prevent the expression of genes involved in cell division. Mutations that occur in either gene can lead to carcinogenic tumor growth and immortal cell lines.

BRCA 1 can help predict cancer, as it is a mutation in the cell layers. It is a human tumor suppressor gene, which is found in every human. It acts as a protector against furthering steps of cancer, and if it mutates or changes, it will lead to cancer. People can have their BRCA genes tested, and see if they have the precursor to cancer. According to a study done by the National Cancer Institute, if you have an abnormal BRCA1 gene, there is a 60% chance of it evolving to cancer over that person’s lifetime. Restating the definition of Sociological Imagination, it means the ability to connect basic aspects to more impersonal historic forces. Using your sociological imagination, history has shown that most people who develop breast

BRCA1 and 2 are tumor suppressor genes. Both BRCA proteins are used in cellular processes such as DNA repair, regulation of transcription, and maintenance of the genome. Some genes they regulate are vital to cell growth, repair, and death.

This type of breast cancer begins in the milk ducts of the breast. At first, there are normal cells, but then a mutation occurs. Some kind of carcinogen damages and changes a couple of genes. The mutated genes associated with breast cancer are Genes BrCA1 and BrCA2. The

and it is the most common form of cancer identify a disease or its cause after skin cancer among women. Although both men and women can develop this type of cancer, it affects mostly women. Like any other type of cancer breast cancer happens when there are changes in the cells of the breast making them different from what's usually expected and changing quickly to form a lump in the body. Today, doctors have found that only five to ten percent of breast cancer cases are caused by something valuable you get when older relatives die. When breast cancer is caused by something valuable you get when older relatives die is due to a tiny chemical assembly instruction inside of living things change that is passed through generations in a family. There is some received changed in a bad way tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things that have been identified that make a person easily able to be harmed or influenced by a higher risk of breast cancer. Among all this different types of born-in tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things the most common one is BRCA1 and BRCA2. Both of these tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things not only raise the risk of breast cancer but ovarian cancer also. Among different racial groups, White woman are at higher risk for breast cancer. The number of times something happens for this group of 132.5, however although white

After review of the clinical information provided by MYRIAD GENETICS LABORATORIES the Medical Director has determined that BRCA1 and BRCA2 tests (screening methods to detect early stage breast cancer and ovarian cancer) are not medically necessary. We need your detailed past medical history which should include the type of tumor, if it was diagnosed as well as your age at the time of the diagnosis. You would also need to submit your blood family history including what type of cancer and/or genetic conditions that were involved with each member of your family including their age and diagnosis. We have to deny your request as not medically necessary due to there was no information submitted to support this testing for you at this time. Healthfirst

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and breast cancer seem to be distributed among a variety of populations.

It was Monday March 17th, 2014 when I received a phone call from my grandma asking me to come visit her. That day is the day when I received the news that my grandma has been diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma breast cancer. My grandma and I are very close. Her diagnosis is what persuaded me to write my I- search paper on this specific breast cancer. One topic I am really focusing on when I write my paper is the genetic factors because its important to my family and I. Even though I began to research about the cancer when my grandma was diagnosed, there are still a lot of things I don’t know about and I’m interested to learn about within creating this paper. In this paper I will share with you the importance of invasive lobular

Such findings, all of which relate to hormone-based life events, suggest that breast cancer is somehow affected by prolonged exposure to female sex hormones, such as estrogen. Women with a history of breast cancer in the family are also at greater risk. About five percent of all breast cancers have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, gene known as BRCA1. Mutations in a second gene, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of breast cancer in Jewish women. Alcohol, high levels of fat in the diet, and not exercising regularly have also been linked to increased risk for breast cancer (Garber).

We have all seen the pink ribbons. They have become a national, if not international symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of this paper, this paper will be limited to information relating breast cancer in females.

This is why BRCA-positive people have a higher risk for cancers. It also explains why they get them earlier in life. They were born already having one mutated BRCA allele ready to fuel cancer cells.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type in women, over fifty thousand new cases of invasive BC were diagnosed in the UK in 2013 (Cancer Research UK, 2016). It is well known that genetic abnormalities lead to cancer and three main groups of genetic predisposition alleles have been identified; high risk, moderate risk and low risk (Lalloo and Evans, 2012). Some high risk genes including BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 carry a 40-85% lifetime risk of developing BC (Lalloo and Evans, 2012). Development of cancer can also result from epigenetic alterations (Esteller, 2008). Epigenetics is defined as “the inherited genome activity that does not depend on the naked DNA sequence” (Esteller, 2011). Epigenetic modifications include changes in DNA methylation, histone