Brown Adipocytes Research Paper

Towards the end of his medical training in the early 1980s, Gokhan Hotamisligil was working on a unique tumor case on a patient and found they were comprised primarily of fat cells. The fatty tumors were due to a rare condition, Proteus Syndrome. Working in the field of metabolic regulation Hotamisligil began to explore the underlying pathways for insulin resistance. In his dissertation he discovered that the fat tissue of obese animals and humans were capable of producing inflammatory mediators. His research helped shape the current view of fat tissue as a “discrete, active organ in its own right, continuously exchanging messages with the rest of the body by way of the bloodstream.” By early 2002 Hotamisligil and his laboratory made

that is produced and the organs in the body are functioning faster than normal increasing the body temperature.

The thermoregulatory centre is the part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature. The pancreas meanwhile monitors and controls blood glucose concentration. It produces a hormone called insulin that reduces blood glucose levels.( Diabetes is a disease which can be caused by insufficient insulin.)

Body temperature is maintained within a fairly regular range by the hypothalamus that is found in the brain. The hypothalamus

Although the mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood, it is confirmed that obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. There are multiple etiologies for this imbalance, hence, and the rising prevalence of obesity cannot be addressed by a single etiology (Dehghan et al., 2005, p.

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).

Macrophages in the epidermis 10. Chemical produced by the skin that gives red pigment 11. This chemical gives adipose its yellow color 12. Dermal layer where the Meissner’s corpuscle is located 13. Skin coloration due to the lack of oxygen 14.

The more general research question under review is about obesity. My researchable question is the effects of obesity on health, what health concerns can happen due to obesity. It can be easily found and discussed the potential dangers of obesity. People should care more about this topic because people need to care about their health. Obesity is lowering our expected years to live which it should be doing the opposite because of all the healthcare and medicine we have now. It is prevalent in the younger population which is different than it has been in the past. This is a problem that could potentially affect anyone or anyone you know, that is why people should care about this topic, it is a problem.

The results from the first study indicated that rats were capable of responding to the energetic demands of their thermal environment with metabolic compensations. Throughout development, warm-housed

Muscle tissue is considered as a key heat source in our body as it consumes a large proportion of an individual’s body mass. When skeletal muscle contracts, it utilizes ATP and produced ADP and releases heat energy which helps maintain a constant body temperature. This is noticeable when one exercises, when sustained muscle movement causes body temperature to increase and when the temperature is cold, shivering causes the muscle to contract to generate heat. Approximately two-thirds of the energy utilized in cellular respiration is lost as heat; this heat is circulated throughout the body via blood, hence maintaining thermoregulation and the homeostasis of body temperature.

and position themselves in from of a full length mirror. The patient is then directed to start jumping

Endotherm are animals that regulate internal temperature at a range dispie ambient temperature changes. This research will aid to identify how different ambient temperature will affect the mice’s metabolic rate. Previous research suggest that thermo neutral zone is the range which endotherm conduct metabolic with least stress. However to understand the exact relationship between the change in ambient temperature on endothermic metabolic rate, metabolic system measurement would be carried out to measure the ambient temperature and oxygen percentage. The hypothesis was that as the mices experiences ambient temperature outside of their thermal neutral zone, then they will intake more oxygen because more metabolic activities need to take place

Have you ever wondered where fats are stored? The answer is in cells called Adipocytes. Adipocytes are also known as either lipocytes, or fat cells. There are two types of adipocytes, these are white and brown. The white tissue, are considered of one large lipid droplet. The brown tissue, are composed of numerous small lipid droplets.

This historical research brought Simeon to the analysis and studying of fat in the human body and the various forms it takes on. Simeons establish that the body has three types of fat. The first is structural fat which fills in gaps between organs, and as Simeons puts it, acts as a packing material. It helps protect our arteries, provides bedding for the kidneys and keeps the skin smooth and taut. Structural fat also provides the springy cushion underneath the bones in our feet. The second is normal fat which is our normal reserves of fuel that can be drawn on by the body for energy. Fat packs a high amount of calories in a small amount of space and is used for muscular activity and the overall maintenance of the body including its temperature.

Our body maintains a constant temperature of 37 degrees by temperature receptors in the skin detect change, when they do the pass the information to the processing center of the brain called the hypothalamus. The processing center automatically goes to work by changing the effectors to insure our body temperature remains at a constant 37 degrees. Effectors are found in sweat glands and muscles. If the body is too hot or cold the processing center sends nerve impulses to the skin which either increase or decrease’s heat loss from the surface of the body. An example of this process is the hair on the skin standing up on end due to small muscles in the skin contracting causing the hairs to stand up, this process happens to reduce heat loss from the skin. And the hairs lay flat when the body wants to increase heat loss. If the body gets too hot the skins glands will open and start secreting sweat to the surface of the skin, this is to increase heat loss by evaporation which encourages the body to cool and return to the bodies normal temperature.