Endotherm Lab Report

In this lab, we are going to try to answer the question, Does body size affect endotherms metabolic rates? This question is very controversial among scientists. They’ve only agreed on one thing, there are different scalings between animals, but they don 't know how that affects metabolism and why (Hoppler and Weibel 2005). Some scientist’s studies show that body size in endotherms does affect metabolism rate due to SA/V ratios. The ratios affect the endotherms metabolism based on how high or low the SA/V ratio is. An animal with a larger SA/V ratio puts off more heat to their environment. This results in smaller animals having to burn through their food more to maintain their body temperature (“Unit 4 Demos More on Metabolic Rate”). What led us to the formation of our experiment was the experiment performed in the article Smith et al. (2015). In

This lab was about how a goldfish’s breathing rate changes in different temperatures in order to maintain homeostasis.

To determine the metabolic rate of a goldfish two different methods can be applied, direct or indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry analyzes the exothermic reaction when ATP is produced by measuring the amount of heat that is released. Meanwhile, indirect calorimetry measures the amount of carbon dioxide or oxygen because both are components of aerobic respiration, a process which repeatedly supplies more ATP to match the demands of metabolic rate of an organism. Evidently, metabolic rate is the cumulative sum of energy used by all the cells. Most of this energy comes from regulating homeostasis, locomotion and thermoregulation. On the other hand, ectotherms like goldfish have a slight difference in their metabolic rates because their internal temperature directly correlates with the temperature of their environment. For this reason, ectotherms use less energy because they do not need to worry about thermoregulation, maintaining constant body temperature. However, temperature, size, amount of light and stimulus are factors that can affect metabolism of goldfish. Thus, this experiment will measure the metabolic rate of goldfish through in

Abstract: Metabolism is used to refer to all of the chemical reactions involving energy transformations in the cell of the body, for example cellular activity such as cellular respiration and its sub activtys like glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain all produce energy in the form of ATP and a byproduct of the energy production, heat is also produced . Although the cell is not 100% efficient thermodynamically, the energy in the form of heat is lost in the cell each time when energy is produced. Metabolic rates of an organism can be measured directly by the amount of heat lost from the body in a certain period of time. Another way an organisms metabolic rate can be measured is indirectly, by measuring the amount of oxygen that is consumed in a given period of time. In the experiment conducted, we needed to find the metabolic rate of an ectotherm. Using a goldfish (ectotherm) we calculated the metabolic rate by means of counting the number of operculum beats when three different goldfish where submerged in various temperatures. What was found is that the metabolic rate increased when the temperature increased and the metabolic rate decreased as temperature dropped.

There are many patterns that can be observed throughout our environment. In this experiment, the temperatures of organisms in a biophysical environment were analyzed to see if a pattern could be recognized that was related to the behavior of an ectotherm. An ectotherm is an organism that relies on the environment to regulate its body temperature. Organisms such as Pseudemys (turtles) and Lacertilia (lizards) are examples or ectotherms. After arriving at Maxcy Gregg Park and analyzing the temperatures of four microhabitats within two habitats with infrared thermometers, the temperatures were compared between the microhabitats. Then, one habitat was chosen to analyze the temperatures between

O B J E C T I V E S 1. To define the following terms: metabolism, hormone replacement therapy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and glucose standard curve. 2. To explain the role of thyroxine in maintaining an animal’s metabolic rate. 3. To explain the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on an animal’s metabolic rate. 4. To understand how estrogen affects bone density. 5. To explain how hormone replacement therapy works. 6. To explain how fasting plasma glucose is used to diagnose diabetes. 7. To understand how levels of cortisol and ACTH can be used to diagnose endocrine diseases.

Purpose: To measure the heats of reaction for three related exothermic reactions and to verify Hess’s Law of Heat Summation.

Therapeutic hypothermia, also called targeted temperature management, is a procedure that lowers the body's temperature in order to treat a heart that has suddenly stopped working (cardiac arrest). This procedure is used in emergency situations. During cardiac arrest, the brain cannot get enough oxygen. The brain also starts to swell, which can damage or kill brain cells. Therapeutic hypothermia helps reduce swelling in the brain. It also slows down the body's metabolism and allows the heart and brain to recover.

Ectotherm processes, such as in crickets, will greatly depend on the temperature of their external source. Endotherms have the ability to maintain their constant body temperature in a wide range of environmental temperatures (Geiser 2004). When conditions become colder, they are able to raise their metabolic rate and produce more heat. If the temperature increases, they can decrease their metabolic rate and release heat through sweating and vasodilatation.

Chemical reactions make new things by rearranging other things. In a chemical reaction, the main change that occurs relates to the way atoms are bonded to each other, in order to change those connections, bonds must be broken and new bonds be formed.

When an endotherm is subjected to severe cold it is liable to lose heat energy but this can be counteracted in a number of ways;

After testing the larvae in all four conditions, we pooled data across the entire class in order to get a larger sample size. We found the following averages, variances, and standard errors for the measurements of path length and distance traveled. The average path length traveled by rovers on food plates was 106.5 mm, by sitters on food plates was 116.3 mm, by rovers on no food plates was 95.8 mm, and by sitters on no food plates was 91.3 mm. The average distance traveled for rovers on food plates was 29.7 mm, by sitters on food plates was 25.6 mm, by rovers on no food plates was 25.6 mm, and by sitters on no food plates was 22.5 mm.

Heat transfer processes are prominent in engineering due to several applications in industry and environment. Heat transfer is central to the performance of propulsion systems, design of conventional space and water heating systems, cooling of electronic equipment, and many manufacturing processes (Campos 3).

Overall, the experiment succeeded that the metals show the theoretical properties. Differences existed in the mathematical calculation of the actual length. These differences, however, it can be accounted for by experimental error; more over there are uncertainty on purity of the

(This experiment is aimed to use 10 Artemia, however, 7 to 13 Artemias are able to achieve the goal in this experiment.). Then seal the cuvette under water and make sure no air bubble is inside the cuvette. After that, put the cuvette into the temperature controlled water bath for ten minutes. After 10 minutes, take the cuvette to the oxygen meter to measure the oxygen concentration by holding the end of the end of the fibre-optic cable squarely on to the senor spot from the outside of the cuvette until the concentration has been shown on screen and record it down. Then return the Artemia to the same incubation bath and repeat this procedure every 5 minutes and measure it for 4 to 5 times. After the process above, we have to find out the total length of the Artemias in the cuvette. To find the total length of the Artemia, use the pipette to move the Artemia out of the cuvette and settle them into a watch glass and measure the length of the Artemias by ruler. At last but not least, put those high energy intake Artemia back into the sink and repeat the experiment instead of those low intake Artemia. On the other hand, to find the difference of activity of the high and low energy intake Artemia, those Artemia will be tracked by the software named, the Tracker and the Tracker are able to determine the velocity of the Artemia under different treatment for 5 replicates.