Business Related Articles Essay

Layer 3: Network - The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here.

In order to provide speed and reliability, large and enterprise-level networks today are typically constructed in multiple layers. They are the access layer, also called the network edge layer, the aggregation or distribution layer; and the network core layer. The access layer is usually a mesh of network switches, linked to other switches in the aggregation layer, which in turn is linked to the core.

A NIC or network interface controller is a physical component that connects a computer to a computer network. The NIC allows for communication between devices using a specific physical and data layer standard such as Ethernet, Fibre channel and Wi-Fi. These provide the basis for a full protocol stack, which allow communication between computers on the same local area network (LAN) or on large scale networks using protocols such as internet protocol (IP) The NIC can be both a physical and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a network using cables and uses MAC addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces, for devices to recognise one another.

A network enables all PCs and devices to exchange data with each other which means they can all communicate with each other with information and data.

Network architecture refers to structural, physical and logical layout of a communication network with relation to communication protocols, information transmission mode either wired or wireless technology

Network Layer: The packets are each sent off on a different route via the last two layers. This layer is the layer that decides the route each packet will take based on traffic, sequence number, packet size, and a lot of other factors. It adds an IP head to the data

Layer 1 is the Physical Layer; it receives data from the data link layer, and deals with the physical and electrical specifications of the interface and the medium. It transforms the bits into signal, i.e., how the 0’s and 1’s are to be encoded for transmission over the physical medium. It defines the data rate or transmission rate of the bits. Its duty is to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks. It defines the physical topology, i.e., how the devices are connected, viz., mesh, star, ring, or hybrid. Line configuration, either point-to-point or multipoint configuration of the devices is this layer’s responsibility. It is concerned with the mode of transmission; simplex, half duplex, or full

Next layer 3 the Network layer is where the Internet Protocol (IP) will take place and be defined. There are two options to use here IPv4 or IPv6.

As the world starts to interconnect with each other, there are many elements working together that help each of us connect. Routers, a layer 3 networking device technology that has been around for a while is an essential tool to help users and other devices access different networks. Thus, we go into detail of how routers go about doing that. To start off, routers use the idea of data packets, which means that it will separate the information into various packets and send them across the network one by one. Sometimes, the packets will go through different routes to their destination due to

● Core Network is the internetworking of routers. ● Transport layer deals with communication between applications. ● The transport layer is not present because it provides additional functions to the core network to compensate for the limitation of the core network layer. ○ In the case of TCP/IP protocol, the Transport Layer provide more complex services such as flow control or connection­oriented data stream transfer to increase the reliability of the data as it is sent through the network. ● By keeping these layers separate, the transport layer is able to provide a uniform

This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing,internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.

The next layer we will examine is the application layer. This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model and preforms the functions of the Application, Presentation and Session layers that are part of the OSI stack model. We are now squarely in the domain of software and applications. This is the layer that directly interfaces with the user. This layer helps top format and forward the users request for information, files or application execution and displays the resulting information supplied by the responding server.

NIC – A NIC or Network Interface Card works on layer 1 (the physical layer) of the OSI model. A network interface cards function is to encode the data to bits that can be sent through the network cable.

Layer 2 Data Link – this layer sets up the connections over the physical system, putting parcels into the systems outlines. This layer has 2 sub-layers, the Logical Link management Layer and therefore the Media Access management Layer. Ethernet is the principal information linkage layer being use.

3. What is the OSI Network Model and explain how the layers correspond to the Internet Protocol Suite?