Research focusing on the calculation of racial disparities in police outcomes has generally examined police traffic stops and the follow up police activities, such as, citations, search and warnings. Review of these studies suggests that calculation methods of racial disparity vary from one study to another; however, majority of those studies employed population as a baseline measure or benchmarking variable (Withrow, 2002; Smith & Petrocelli, 2001; Withrow & Williams, 2015). Early studies using population as a baseline measure to compare disproportionate traffic stop counts found substantial racial disparities (Lamberth, 1996; Verniero & Zoubek, 1999). Studies later have begun to discuss that…show more content…
Numbers suggest that, for instance, while Blacks compose six percent of population in St. Clayton city, they represent 57% of overall police arrests. Similarly, the probability of Black arrest in Berkeley (CA) and Madison (Wis) cities is nine times higher than other racial groups compared to their corresponding population. In addition to this, Bureau of Justice statistics report that at the national level, Blacks are two times more likely to be arrested compared to Whites. Concurring with media reports and national statistics institutes’ estimates, empirical studies also report high proportion of minority arrests compared to their representation in the population (Golub, Johnson, & Dunlap, 2007).
On the other hand, others argue that disproportionality in arrest decisions is commensurate with the racial distributions in offending rather than residential distribution in the population (D’Alessio & Stolzenberg, 2003; Sampson & Lauritsen, 1997). Putting it differently, proponents of this group hold that differential involvement in crime commission leads to higher arrest rates. For this reason, employing frequency of crime involvement as a baseline measure would yield different findings as opposed to relying only population as a baseline measure (Golub et al., 2007).
Take an example, to calculate racial disparities in drug arrests, frequency of drug users for each race group need to be
- Decent Essays
Health Disparities Definition
- 667 Words
- 3 Pages
Short Paper 1: Reaction Paper Paula Braveman article on the Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurements, defines the different meanings of the terms Health inequalities or also known as health equity, all monitored by governments and international agencies. Health inequalities influence policies; the term is more familiar with public health. How person defines health inequality or health equity can have an important impact on our society along with consequences. It is determined
- 667 Words
- 3 Pages
Decent Essays - Better Essays
Intelligence Is Defined As General Cognitive Problem Solving Skills
- 1449 Words
- 6 Pages
Intelligence is defined as general cognitive problem-solving skills. A mental ability involved in reasoning, perceiving relationships and analogies, calculating, learning quickly… etc. A number of psychologists have argued that intelligence can be quantified, primarily through testing. In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devised a system for testing intelligence, with scoring based on average mental levels for various age groups. .I.Q(intelligence quotient) in general, is an assessment of your
- 1449 Words
- 6 Pages
Better Essays - Decent Essays
Gender Pay Gap
- 14271 Words
- 58 Pages
Separate U.S. Census Bureau data put the gap at about 77 percent of men 's median full-time, year-round earnings. The fundamental issues are why the gap exists, how much of it stems from discrimination and what should be done about it.Some contend the disparity can largely be explained by occupational differences between women and men, variations in work experience, number of hours worked each year and other such things.June O 'Neill, an economics professor at the City University of New York 's Baruch College
- 14271 Words
- 58 Pages
Decent Essays - Better Essays
Inequality In Preschool
- 9755 Words
- 40 Pages
This quantitative study researches the extent to which Head Start, Virginia Preschool Initiative programming, and Title I preschool (socioeconomic status plays a key role in the inclusion of students in these programs) impacts student success as measured by the third grade Virginia Standards of Learning tests. The research is driven by the lack of success students who were identified as being disadvantaged had on Virginia Standards of Learning tests in a rural school division in Southwest Virginia
- 9755 Words
- 40 Pages
Better Essays - Decent Essays
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society
- 21691 Words
- 87 Pages
We are obliged to make sure that every child gets a healthy start in life. With all of our wealth and capacity, we just can’t stand by idly. Secretary of State Colin Powell, 2000 ISBN: 0-536-29978-1 Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, Seventh Edition, by Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn. Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Class hile he was still in college, Tomas Juarez had decided he wanted to work with children
- 21691 Words
- 87 Pages
Decent Essays