Cardiovascular System Lab Report

20.The part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the  sympathetic division of the nervous system.

Homeostasis can be defined as the balance maintained by the body through negative-feedback to regulate internal conditions within a normal range promoting sustained good health (Seeley, 2006). Exercising initiates a process that propels the body out of its normal parameters, therefore triggering negative-feedback loops with the aim of bringing the internal balance back into homeostasis. Increased energy intensities created through exercise influence heart rate (bpm), respiration and perspiration levels. Each system strives to assist in generating sufficient energy to continue exercising and sustain homeostasis (Sherwood, 2015). Concluding that the body has to work harder in order to maintain the correct internal environment during exercising, it is reasonable to suggest that an increase in heart and respiration rates, as well as

Exercise increases heart rate by a process of sympathetic autonomic stimulation. Sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves increase the excitability of the sino-atrial node and reduce the P-R interval .As exercise continues, the physiological changes in the body are continuously monitored by a number of physiological systems and the balance of activity of the sympathetic system (speeding up) and the parasympathetic system (slowing down) is constantly adjusted. When exercise is over, the heart rate does not drop immediately as the body has to undergo a period of re adaption to return to the resting state.

their relation to the above questions. Describe the role of the nervous system, adrenal glands, kidneys and

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system is composed of the body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. The peripheral nervous system is made up of somatic and automatic. Somatic is the voluntary movement of our skeletal muscles. When we hear the bell ring, our somatic nervous system carries the message to the brain and the brain reports back to our muscles. The autonomic nervous system controls our glands and muscles in our internal organs. Some things this nervous system does is taking control of our digestive system and our heart beat. There are two functions of the autonomic nervous system- the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system arouses and expands energy. If someone gets excited or nervous in a situation, their blood pressure will rise, their digestion will slow down, their heartbeat will accelerate, their blood sugar will rise, and they will sweat to cool down. The parasympathetic is the opposite. It tries to conserve energy by decreasing your heartbeat, lowering your blood sugar, and so

- opposite effect of the Sympathetic System. This system saves your energy by decreasing your heartbeat, lowering your blood sugar and so forth.

Autonomic nervous system help the body remain in a homeostasis state with the help of sympathetic, parasympathetic,

It is hypothesized that if subject #3 is reclining for 3 minutes, their arterial rate and heart rate will decrease because their body is relaxing and their heart is not doing any work. This drop is caused by the PNS system sending a signal to the cardioinhibitory center to lower heart rate. When the body is at rest, HR does not need to be increased. While the subject was sitting quietly, the baseline BP and HR was taken. BP was 105 mmHg and HR was 66 bpm. After 3 minutes of reclining, the subjects BP increased to 121/71 mmHg and HR decreased to 62 bpm. The cause of this could have been student error or the subject may have been uncomfortable during the experiment. After reclining for 3 minutes, the subject immediately stood up It is hypothesized that their arterial pressure and heart rate will stay the same because the subject is not moving therefore blood is being pooled in the lower extremities and not getting back to the heart. This will cause a decrease in HR and BP. But the body will sense this and activate the SNS response to release norepinephrine to increase BP and HR or to get it back to what BP and HR was initially. After standing for 3 minutes, the subjects BP went from 129/70 mmHg to 121/75 mmHg and HR went from 86 bpm to 80 bpm. As stated previously, blood was starting to pool into the legs. The results do not necessarily support the hypothesis because there was a decrease in BP and HR. This could be because the SNS had not been activated just yet because the body did not sense a change in BP and/or HR. The body will sense a decrease in returned blood and will act upon it by increasing BP and HR to get more blood coming to the heart. After 3 minutes, BP decreased from 129/70 mmHg to 121/75 mmHg and HR decreased from 86 bpm to 80 bpm. The results showed a decrease in BP as well as HR. As stated in the hypothesis it was expected to

The autonomic nervous system is very fascinating. It takes care of all of the unconscious functions in the body, or functions that people do not have to think about (“What Is Dysautonomia?”). For example, the autonomic nervous system tells the body to sweat to help regulate temperature and it keeps heart rates in check, along with corresponding blood pressure. This system is broken down into two main parts, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Present findings suggest that an altered response of the ANS to stressful stimuli could potentially contribute to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes (Mukherjee 404). The data suggest that insulin resistance may be associated with an altered balance in the ANS and perhaps a relative increase in sympathetic activation upon stress provocation (Mukherjee 404). In the entire study cohort, a negative correlation was seen between insulin sensitivity and the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance during standardized stress, and this is consistent with an impaired parasympathetic activity that promotes insulin resistance (Mukherjee

The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by controlling and regulating the other parts of the body. A deviation from a normal set point act as a stimulus to a receptor, which sends nerve impulses to a regulating center in the brain. For example, “breathing is involuntary, the nervous system ensures that the body is getting much needed oxygen through breathing the appropriate amount of oxygen.” This shows that the nervous system plays a role in making sure that the breathing patterns of a human stays constant in order to maintain homeostasis. This system is the control center of the human body. The Control center sets the range of value to be maintained and is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The nervous system is important to the human body because its an organ system in charge of sending messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to and from all parts of the body. What helps send these messages are nerves, one or more bundles of fibers forming part of a system that conveys impulses of sensation, motion, etc, between the brain or spinal cord and other parts of the body. Nerves act as highways to carry signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. The Central Nervous system is the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body, it consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is arguably the most important organ in the human body. It controls and coordinates actions and reactions, allows us to think and feel enables us to have memories and feelings- all the things that makes us human. Three main parts of the brain is the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. The Forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus, The Midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum, The Hindbrain is made of the cerebrum, pons and medulla, brainstem.

Blood is one of the most vital components of the human body. The blood carries many functions such as to supply oxygen to the bodies tissues, remove metabolic waste products, regulate our core temperature as well as fighting infection and foreign bodies (Glover, 1997). The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and its vessels. The heart is an involuntary muscle which receives blood to the atrias, which is then pumped via the ventricles. The vessels are composed of three main types. Arteries, veins and capillaries; all which transport blood throughout the entirety of the body. The constant action of both the vessels and heart ensure that the body receives a continuous supply of blood, keeping us within our homeostatic limits.

     The Parasympathetic nervous system is an antagonist to the sympathetic nervous system. Its primary function is to give you the ability to rest and relax, in times when you are tired or stressed. The parasympathetic nervous system works to save energy and allow your blood pressure to also decrease. Your heartbeat reduces becoming much slower, and digestion can start. Notice again in figure

Humans experience similar dramatic physiological stress responses as other species. That is to say, the physique response to a stressor prepares the body for rapid physical action (fight or flight). More rarely, as Rudinger (1988) argue, sitting paralysed by fear may constitute another response to stress. The fight or flee stress response involve extremely rapid, virtually immediate, changes within the muscular systems and organs (Pinel, 2006).

The purpose of these lab exercises is to understand the function and importance of an electrocardiogram. This lab will demonstrate how stress levels or different elevations can affect human heart rate. Furthermore, the equipment used in the experiment will show the functions in the right and left arm; as well as, in the right and left ankles. Finally, the lab will serve a purpose as a way to know how to read an electrocardiogram and calculate the heart rate.