Case Study : Respiratory Muscle Training And Endurance Swimming

These adaptations are relevant because the body is being stressed which leads to more blood being needed by the working muscles. With this increase in stroke volume and cardiac output, it also increases the heart rate. Heart rate is the amount of times the heart beats per minute. This means that the heart is working hard and being progressively overloaded increases the efficiency and will improve the performance of the athlete. Another adaptation is oxygen uptake. When the body is being progressively overloaded oxygen uptake is really important because it is the amount of oxygen being delivered to working muscles. This amount increases when exercise begins but decreases as adaptations occur. This is very similar to lung capacity as lung capacity is the amount of air that the lungs can hold. Another physiological adaptation in relation to progressive overload is haemoglobin levels. Haemoglobin is the substance in the blood that binds to oxygen and transports it around the body. These levels are important because it’s telling us how much oxygen and blood is being used and directly relates to stroke volume and oxygen uptake. Muscle hypertrophy is a term that refers to muscle growth together with an increase in the size of muscle cells. For a sprinter this adaptation is very important because it indicates that the muscles have been stimulated and grown and an

It is important to first understand the complex and structured program that college swimmers have to follow with discipline in order to meet the high expectations of elite athletic departments. According to research, the amount of physical training for swimmers has greatly increased over the last decades (Bompa, 1985; Murphy, Fleck, Dudley & Callister, 1990). A combination of intensity, duration and frequency of training stimuli is a key characteristic for efficient training (Faude, Meyer, Scharhag, Weins, Urhausen & Kindermann). There is evidence that exponential increases in volume of physical training will increase an athlete’s physiological capacity which often leads to increases in performance

“The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was attached to the participant’s chest, underarms, and above the nipple line” [4]. Respiratory monitoring was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold’s Gym 390R Cycle Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in subjects’ blood and to measure changes

This paper begins with my own existing knowledge of swimming, followed by questions that I wanted to find out in my research that were answered in my paper. It then gets into my research and what I found out while conducting my senior paper. After that is

This is a physiological response to apnea and an increase in parasympathetic activity in the heart. Due to the presence of cold water stimuli, sympathetic activity to muscles is increased causing total peripheral resistance to increase (figure 1C). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is controlled by TPR and CO (MAP=TPR x CO), overall, increase in TPR causes an increase in MAP. The two face immersion groups had non-statistically different response to apnea and dive. In the Air manoeuver, there was only a statistically significant decreases in CO and HR (bradycardia) (figure 1B & figure 1D). Elucidating the different physiologically response to voluntary apnea to apnea experienced during dive response.

Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude, Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)

"The male participants demonstrated that the breathing action caused a greater (26 %) net drag force compared to the females (16 %). To further understand the influence of breathing on swimming technique,

It is assumed that because the results are insignificant that a VO2 max test does not affect a person’s pulmonary function. A limitation during these tests could result of the subjects forgetting to wear a nose piece. Not wearing a nose piece would skew the results by increasing the subject’s FVC and MVV. A set time after VO2 max test was not set, therefore, subjects varied on how many minutes it took to complete the pulmonary function tests after the VO2 max test. The sample size was very small and a very specific population. If a sedentary population would have been tested, results may have been different like in Vendala et al. (2013) research. In Durmic et al. (2017) research MVV and FVC were compared between endurance elite athletes and their age-and sex-matched sedentary control group. This study found that there is evidence that exercise may affect spirometric indices that can lead to a higher

Necessary increase in ventilation to maintain blood gas homeostasis during exercise was compromised in some individuals resulting in a high work of breathing. When these ventilatoy demands exceed the capacity for the lung and chest wall to generate flow and volume, expiratory flow limitation can develop which may result in diaphragm fatigue. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL), is an important physiological phenomenon since it is associated with dynamic hyperinflation, which increases the work of breathing and causes dyspnea and potential exercise

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a health-related component of physical fitness defined as the ability of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity (Lee, 2010). Maximal oxygen consumption, VO_2max, is one of the most shared ways to measure a subject’s CRF, because it is the measurement of oxygen the subject consumes while doing vigorous exercise. VO_2max is expressed in milliliters of Oxygen, per kilogram of body weight, per minute (ml/kg/min). Setty stated that, VO_2max “is the gold-standard method of cardio-pulmonary and muscle cell fitness” (Setty, 2013).

During this lab, various lung volumes and capacities for one subject were calculated for different conditions. These conditions included at rest and during 3 bouts of exercise varying in resistance on a cycle ergometer. Two subjects were supposed to participate in this specific lab, but there were technical difficulties with the computer set up, which only allowed for one individual to complete the entire procedure. The experiment began by having the subject sit down and breathe normally for 3 minutes into the transducer. Then, the participant performed 5 complete breathing cycles and at the end of the last cycle the individual was directed to inhale as deeply as possible followed by an exaggerated exhale. From there, the volumes were measured, including tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiration reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV). Next, the 3 exercise bouts at 60 repetitions per minute (RPM) occurred. The first exercise bout was at 0 kg followed by another at 2% and one at 5% the subject’s body weight, respectively. Similar to the resting condition, the different volumes were calculated for the 3 exercise bouts. After gathering all of the different values for the volumes, the capacities were calculated by using various equations.

Prior to weighing session, calibration was done as per manufacturer’s manual. Vital capacity was measured by the use of spirometry and data was entered into computer software to estimate residual volume. The water temperature was maintained at 24ºC. Participants were asked to enter into the tank and stand to the side of the weighing chair. Participants kept the weight belt on the chair to calculate total weight before they placed on their waist. Participants expelled all the air from their lungs. Then, the participants directed to begin to slowly exhale air prior to submersion and as they got to the end of their expiration they submerged and their hydrostatic weight was recorded. Participants moved slowly in the tank to reduce the dynamic effects of moving water. The hydrostatic weight was measured 3 times. Mean value of 3 readings was accounted to measure total body fat and lean body weight. Total body fat was measured for each subject in percentage and in

The measuring of flow-volume loops (FVL) in laboratory settings during exercise are becoming increasingly popular to identify the limiting mechanics of ventilation (Johnson, Beck, Zeballos & Weisman, 1999a). The collection of a maximum flow-volume loop (MFVL) through a forced maximal maneuver at rest allows researchers to compare a baseline value with tidal loops obtained during exercise (Johnson et al., 1999a). Dominelli and Sheel state that MFVL provides information on an individual’s capability to produce volume and flow with respect to their mechanical ceilings (2012). Placing the respective tidal loops associated with different exercise intensities within a resting MFVL shows the difference in volumes during exercise and rest. An MFLV maneuver would yield the largest loop; whereas, the resting tidal loop would be the smallest (Johnson, Weisman, Zeballos & Beck, 1999b). Additionally, tidal loops during exercise will fit somewhere between resting and maximal tidal loops; increasing in volume as intensity increases; however, the loops still remain small in comparison to the MFVL (Johnson et al. 1999b). This aforementioned trend observed in healthy individuals during increasingly intense exercise is related to the lack of constraints on ventilation (Johnson et al. 1999b). Major factors responsible for limiting ventilation at rest and during exercise are bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction; these in turn affect total lung capacity (TLC)--a key measure with

After reviewing data for the men’s and women’s 100m freestyle, and 400m freestyle, it is easy to conclude times have improved significantly throughout the Olympics. From 1972-2012 the 100m men’s times have decreased four seconds, and the women’s have decreased six seconds. The men’s 400m swim times have decreased 20 seconds, and the women’s have decreased 19 seconds. The first place times are consistently better. The Olympics become more competitive each year, and times will continue to decrease. The greatest time decrease is in the 400m freestyle, while the lowest is in the 100m freestyle. The 1972 Olympics had the worst overall times, while the 2012 Olympics had the best overall times. The men’s 100m saw the worst time in 1972 and the best time in 2008. The men’s 400m saw the worst time in 1972 and the best time in 2012. The women’s 100m had the worst time in 1972, and the best time in 2012. The women’s 400m had the worst time in 1972, and the best time in 2012.

She also shows that she is thinkative. She shows that she has this trait when she pieces together the clues from the book. She also shows this when she starts training to swim in the pool, she comes up with different ideas to get stronger like wearing chain mail while swimming. Later on while packing for her return trip to the past, she considers the pull of the bow and brings extra strings to use, but not just one, but 3 in case one doesn’t fit. She also brings rope and other things she may need, like a head lamp and a water proof back