Causes and Treatments of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human pathogen that is responsible for ulcers and stomach inflammation. The organism had been researched by several scientists around the world since 1875; however none of them was successfully culture it. Until 1982, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin Warren succeeded in observing the colonies, and thus became the first scientists to discover this bacterium. By self-testing, Dr. Marshall drank a liquid that contained H. pylori culture. A few days later, he got sick with many symptoms such as vomiting and nausea. After ten days, by undergoing endoscopy, he was able to confirm the role of H. pylori in causing gastritis. Then he and Dr. Warren also demonstrated the effect of

patient tested positive for H. pylori and wakes up at night due to cramping pain with bloating, so it is assumed to be peptic ulcer and the status of his condition is uncontrolled. Her symptoms were not improved with over the counter medication, Tums. Therefore, it is not GRED. However, Patient does not need a referral for endoscopy this time around because she does not hat the symptoms vomiting, nausea or dizziness.

H. pylori is a narrow, curved, Gram-negative rod with polar flagella. It grows slowly in a microaerophilic atmosphere in a manner similar to Campylobacter. The bacteria have only recently be identified as the causative agent to gastric ulcers, a condition long believed to be the result of stress and lifestyle habits.

With regards to the peptic ulcer disease, the most common cause is H. pylori infection, thus, testing for it is essential in all patients with peptic ulcers (Anand, 2015). Upper GI endoscopy is the preferred diagnostic test in evaluating patients with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. Non-invasive methods of detecting H.pylori infection includes fecal antigen testing, which identifies active H. pylori antigens in the stool, and urea breath tests.

Helicobacter pylori weaken the gastric layer, predispose the stomach to infection which can lead to achlorhydria. “The classic symptoms of GERD are heartburn, acid regurgitation, dysphagia, and belching”( over time cause narrowing and strictures. A person can experience reflux one hour after eating high fatty undigested meals, smoking (nicotine) and alcohol drinking, sore throat and asthma. Pressure on the diaphragm from pregnancy and obesity in male and female increases intra-abdominal pressure exposing the individual to reflux and heartburn. GERD can occur in infants, elderly, and at any age in between. Patient can take antacid (Tums) to neutralize the acidity, H2 blocker (cimetidine, famotidine, or ranitidine) decrease acid production in the stomach and Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) inhibit acid production from gastric parietal cells. Others treatment, Endoscopy of esophagus or stomach, to obtain a biopsies for (precancerous cells), pH monitoring rule out H. pylori infection, looking for edema, erosion, and bleeding. If blood loss is low, replace with

ulcer causes the patient to suffer with pain, disfigurement, and prevents them from their daily

The name for these erosions is aphthous ulcers. These erosions, after a while, start to deepen and grow in diameter. Once they reach a certain size, they can be referred to as ulcers. These ulcers can cause scarring and they can also cause the bowel to become stiff and lose its elasticity. As Crohn’s worsens, the bowel becomes obstructed once the passageways narrow enough. This obstruction can cause a buildup of food that is still being digested, fluid and gas that comes from the stomach. This obstruction will then prevent all of those products from entering into the colon. This will cause severe abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and even abdominal distention. If the ulcers located in the walls of the bowel become large or extreme enough, holes can form in the walls of the bowel. Once those holes are formed in the bowel, the bacteria normal to the bowel can then pass through those holes and spread to nearby organs and into the abdominal cavity causing what are called fistulas. These fistulas are like a channel/tunnel that is formed between the ulcer and the adjacent organ. Then when a fistula is created between the affected intestine and the bladder, it is called an enteric-vesicular fistula which can lead to UTI’s and feces being presented during urination. Next, when the fistula is formed between the intestine and skin, it is called an enteric-cutaneous fistula. What this fistula, pus and mucous exit the body through a painful opening found in the skin of the

The disease typically develops after infections, especially streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract (Fu et al., 2005) .H. pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various extradigestive disorders. However, a few reports have described an association between gastric H. pylori infection and HSP (Cecchi and Torelli, 1998).

Japanese-Americans were forced to evacuate from coastal areas following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. A massive amount of Americans who were not of Japanese descent believed that the Japanese community could not be trusted, so the government felt that it was necessary to remove them from their homes and place them in camps located away from militarized coastal regions. This was a controversial decision at the time and still receives criticism today for going against typical American constitutional values centering around citizen’s unalienable rights. Through the research of many letters written during Japanese internment or reflecting on the event, it seems that Japanese-Americans of that time period had mixed feelings about being relocated and the majority of the community was upset that they were viewed and treated differently than other Americans but did acknowledge that the overall treatment they received at camp was fair. Japanese Internment camps were psychologically damaging to Japanese-Americans due to the racist nature of selective forced evacuation, and the Japanese community was more upset about being removed from their homes than how they were treated at camp.

H. pylori thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach and the finding that this bacteria contributed to the condition was remarkable news and led to the standard practice of treating peptic ulcers with antibiotics. As a result, the rate of H. pylori-induced ulcers has dropped by more than 50 percent. (Ackerman, 2012)

The best treatments for contact ulcers include vocal rest and surgery. However, studies say that surgery should be avoided because it increases the chance of recurrence. Techniques have developed in past years with discoveries such as proton pump inhibitor therapy for two to four months (Emami, 1999). Voice therapy is still used and seems to have the same outcome as patients receiving medicinal therapy (Emami, 1999). For people with gastric reflux, looking to prevent the development of contact ulcers, managing the symptoms by using antacids and seeking medical assistance is important. As with vocal nodes, professionals should take care and not abuse their voice by not shouting, yelling, and excessively throat clearing.

When we find an enclosed damage to our skin as well as tissue that is usually over the skeletal protuberance caused by some sort of pressure, we call it a pressure ulcer. This may be caused by some sort of pressurized rubbing or cut. This type of ulcer is a chronic type that inherently carries impaired healing at physiological level. In this paper I am going to discuss the prevention measures of this ulcer and treatment options.

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops slowly over many years. Most frequently, stomach cancer starts in the lining of the stomach otherwise knows as the mucosa, and then develops into the other layers of the stomach. There are many ways in which stomach cancer spreads. In some cases it invades near by organs or it can also travel through the bloodstream to for cancer in other organs. There are many statistics and organizations of support for stomach cancer, as well as, symptoms, risk factors, screening and diagnosis’ and, treatments. Like all cancers, stomach cancer is a deathly disease and one of the major leading causes of cancer deaths in countries other than the U.S.

In The Glass Menagerie, Laura Winfield is like a fragile piece of glass, like many of her glass animals in her collection. The whole play is based around a dysfunctional family and their challenges adapting to life. Laura, with her physical and mental disabilities, isn’t able to survive in the world, so she isolates herself. She makes a whole world to herself inside the apartment filled with her symbolic glass figurine collection. (Her unicorn, in particular.) There is one time, in particular, when she seems to be improving. This is the scene where Jim O’Connor visits and she is finally coming out of her shell and likes being around him. The scene sticks out to the others because Laura never possessed the capacity to much consider a conversation

In every corner of the Earth, there’s art. In houses, nature, outside. If you don’t notice, you aren’t looking hard enough. Creating art is extremely important to me. All types ranging from music, painting, using Prisma colors and more. Art has always been present in my life, but I began to get serious about it when I visited my Aunt’s home last year. I saw my cousin sketching in a small notebook with a black pen. I asked her what she was doing, and she showed me some pages. It mesmerized me. Her drawings were so flawless, but best of all, they looked like fun. From that day forward, I vowed to make art a part of my world, including all the practicing, art-block and the different mediums of art.