On January 26, 1986, one of the greatest disasters of our time occurred. When Challenger was destroyed many questions were asked about the safety of space missions. Many questions were asked about the credibility of the engineers who designed the air craft.
It is now know that crucial information about the faulty O-rings was know to many if not all of the engineers. These engineers had many moral decisions they had to face when the problem was first noticed, which was as early as
November 1981.
When a shuttle is launched their are two booster rockets attached to the side of it that disconnect when the shuttle gets into orbit. The rockets that were on the Challenger were manufactured by Morton-Thiokol, an engineering
company.
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The night before the scheduled launch of Challenger, a teleconference was held between engineers and management from the Kennedy
Space Center, Marshal Space Flight Center in Alabama and Morton-Thiokol in
Utah.ii Boisjoly, and Ernie Thompson another engineer from Thiokol knew this was their last chance to stop the flight from taking off. Robert Lund, Thiokol's
Engineering Vice President showed that 53 degrees "was the only low temperature data Thiokol had for the effects of cold on the operational boosters."iiiBut they had no data that did prove that it was unsafe to launch at lower temperatures.
Boisjoly and Thompson were unsuccessful in "blowing the whistle." The next day the Challenger took of from the Kennedy space Center; "a rush of cotton-candy like smoke washed over the cockpit windows, possibly accompanied by a brief burst of brilliant orange flames. Almost simultaneously, the astronauts were crushed down in their seats by a force at least 12 times greater than gravity."iv
After the disaster Boisjoly went to his office, where he stayed and thought.
Some of his colleagues came in to see how he was doing but he could not even speak, he was so over come with emotion. Their were many factors that effected neglecting the O-rings. For one NASA had a billion dollar contract with Thiokol before the disaster and Thiokol felt that causing any problems by expressing
Boisjolys concern
The Battle of Hampton Roads, otherwise known as Monitor versus Merrimac, was the first engagement of two ironclad ships in battle. On March 8, 1862, the Merrimac, now christened the CSS Virginia, sunk two Union ships in addition to grounding another in an effort to prevent the Union from blockading southern ports. On March 9, the more significant battle began when the Confederate Virginia fired on the Union’s Minnesota. The Virginia then met its northern ironclad counterpart, the Monitor, at the mouth of the James River. The Virginia and the Monitor fired upon one another, though the incompetence of the crews rendered the shots ineffective. The volley continued for some time, causing people to flock to the shore, the docks, or nearby vessels in an effort to watch the action. Eventually, the Virginia had a successful shot at the Monitor, hitting the Monitor’s iron pilothouse. When the Monitor’s pilothouse was hit, iron shards flew everywhere and got into Commander Lieutenant John Worden’s eyes. This caused the Monitor to sheer off course and move into shallow water. The Virginia posed to attack the Minnesota, after deducing that the Monitor was out of commision at this point in time. Before attacking, the Virginia’s officers reported a leak in the bow, depleted ammunition, and that the steam powered engine was having trouble keeping pace. The battle ended in a draw as the Virginia headed back to its naval yard for repairs. The battle showed that in the future, all wooden ships and vessels would be obsolete in comparison to the ironclads that would soon became the new naval fighting
On January 28, 1986, as millions of Americans watched on live television and in person, the Challenger space shuttle exploded and broke up over the Atlantic Ocean just moments after its launch. This space mission was significant for several reason, among them was that it would be the first time where the space shuttle would carry a civilian into outer space. Also, there was a frenzy of interest for Americans as the U.S. and Russians were locked in a space race for space exploration supremacy. Instead. President Ronald Reagan was left with the unenviable duty of consoling a nation that had just witnessed the most significant disaster in American history.
The civil war was a conflict about the expansion of slavery into western territories. The compromise of 1820 and 1850 tried to maintain the political balance between free and slaves states in congress. The election of 1860 caused southern states to secede from the union because they feared Abraham lincoln would abolish slavery the war started in 1861 and lasted 4 long bloody years until 1865. The northern union states fought against the southern confederate states. In the end, the northern armies will topple the confederate forces led by the heroic act of ulysses s. Grant and william t. Sherman, but a terrible cost. It is currently estimated that 850,000 people lost their lives in the ferocious war. The nation also lost abraham lincoln to an assassination but would go on to live his legacy in the 13th amendment. The battle of hampton roads was an explosive battle.
The Battle Of Chancellorsville was a historic battle during the American Civil War located in Fredericksburg Va. The battle was full of surprises, such as the south outnumbered 2:1 with a surprising victory. Matt and I chose the Battle of Chancellorsville because it occurred on the grounds where we live now and it is important to know the history of where you are. Many people also do not realize Chancellorsville is not a town, but an intersection where the Chancellor family lived.
The United States Navy has been involved in countless engagements since their creation in October of 1775. During these battles, the need for advance technology and superior leadership became increasing more vital to winning. However, some battles see a greater increase than others do. The Battle of Hampton Roads is one of the paramount battles that lead to the growth of the United States Navy, due to the fact this encounter between the Union and Confederate ironclad ships was unlike any battle that preceded it. On March 9, 1862 after a two-day struggle, the Union Navy left Hampton Roads as the victor due to the impressive leadership of Captain John Worden, advanced naval technology, and frankly just pure luck.
The battle of Lexington and Concord started on April 19, 1775. This battle started the American Revolutionary War. This battle might have been the most important battle of the American Revolutionary War.
The Battles of Saratoga were made up of several military battles fought during September and October 1777 between the British Army and its thirteen colonies in North America during the American Revolutionary War. The battlefield in which the British and American Forces fought during the Battles of Saratoga were located near Albany in Saratoga County, New York. The battle in fact was more of a campaign due to it being made up of two major battles. The two battles include the Battle of Freeman's Farm that took place on September 19, 1777 and the Battle of Bemis Heights that took place on October 7, 1777. At the end of it all, the thirteen Colonies would defeat the British in the Battle of Saratoga and create the turning point for winning the
A decade ago naval warfare changed forever in the two-day Battle of Hampton Roads between the Elizabeth and James River. Cannon shots rang out for endless hours and those present on surrounding shores witnessed history when, for the first time, two ironclad ships entered into battle. The Confederates, protecting their naval yard just south of Hampton Roads, decided to place their undefeatable ship, the CSS Virginia, at the mouth of the river. On the first day of battle this ship was responsible for the death of 400 hundred sailors while only losing two of its own. On the second day, hearing the booms of heavy cannon fire up river the USS Monitor, on a test run, changed course and moved to defend the union. The
pneumonia and was dying. The journey was slow because of his illness and he did not want to risk trying
Even absent foreknown knowledge of its title, the “Battle Hymn of the Republic” is a song that is unmistakably martial in nature. At the outset of the musical piece, the listener is greeted with a simple rhythm of drums, whose cadence resembles that of a cadre of soldiers marching lockstep in formation. The beat of the drums are soon joined by the solemn sound of trumpets, slowly urging the brave troop towards battle and an uncertain future. Now set to their purpose, the men at arms, spurred forth by the sound of French horns and battle drums, join in the melody and begin to sing of their faith in God who must surely bless the righteous cause of their march.
Today in the United States citizens are given rights to speak freely, worship as they wish, and pursue life, liberty, and happiness. Unfortunately, most foreign nations do not grant their citizens these rights. People in foreign nations live with little protection, financial insecurity, and are governed by callous rules. Behind closed doors in private business in the United States, many workers face this tyranny as well. This relentless dictatorship causes men to live in fear for their own lives. Men struggle to abide by these strict and inhumane rulings. In most scenarios, man recognizes that there is no easy way out. Consequentially, a rebellion remains to be the only option. Since before Christ, men
from April 29 to May 6, 1863 as part of the Civil War. To be more precise, the battle of Chancellorsville took place in the vicinity of Fredericksburg where other two battles took place. The Confederate army was led by General Robert E. Lee, while the Union army was led by Major General Joseph Hooker. Impressively, General Hooker’s army was composed with as many as 130,000 soldiers. The Union army was very well trained, equipped, and had all odds in favor. The Union army was two times as big as that of General Robert E. Lee, whose army was composed of merely 60,000-65,000 Confederate soldiers. Of these, 30,000 soldiers were from General Stonewall
During five days in the hospital, Lyons was subjected to extensive laboratory tests. The vice president visited him daily. Lyons seemed to welcome the rest and sedation at night. He said he was eating and sleeping much better. He talked about company problems, though he did not speak spontaneously without encouragement. While Lyons was out of the room, another executive who shared his hospital room confided to the vice president that he was
Mark Bowden is a teacher, columnist for Atlantic Monthly, playwright, and a writer. His book Black Hawk Down A Story of Modern War a world wide bestseller that spent more than a year in the New York Times bestseller list and was a finalist for the National Book Award. Bowden also worked on the script for Black Hawk Down, a film version of the book, directed by Ridley Scott. Bowden is also the writer of the bestseller Killing Pablo The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw in 2001, which tells the story of the hunt for Colombian drug lord billionaire Pablo Escobar. He is the author of Doctor Dealer published in 1987, Bringing the Heat made in1994, Our Finest Day made in 2002, and also Finders Keepers
In reviewing John Lukacs, The Duel, I noticed that the author has other intentions in mind besides the facts. Lukacs gives a very precise account of the actualy events during those eighty days but in my opinion he wants the reader to grab the bigger concepts. One of these concepts is that Lukacs wants the reader to honestly consider just how close the Allies came to losing the war. Another of these notions is the idea that the main difference between Churchill and Hitler concerned nationalism versus patriotism and a third idea is just how greatly history can be effected by the courageous decisions of a few people.Lukacs makes strong mention of how close Hitler came to victory.