Changes And Continuities Of China

Mao Zedong, the leader of China during the third quarter of the 20th century, organized two movements in his country in an attempt to develop China 's economy through the establishment of communism. Through The Great Leap Forward, Mao planned to change the layout of the Chinese economy by forcing collectivism on his country and implementing other ways to speed up production. Since this movement failed, he then implemented The Cultural Revolution. It consisted of the same goals but was carried out through violence and was also an utter failure. These two movements failed because of the lack of organization with which they were performed. This lack of organization manifested itself in a number of different ways. The government did not care about their people, the reforms themselves were not planned out in detail, the government did not think about the spontaneity of young people, they did not consider the effect violence would have on their country, they did not realize the decline in education that would result from the participation of students in the revolution, they did not plan well economically, they did not examine the negative effects of communes, and they did not foresee the large number of deaths that would plague their country. Although designed to rapidly increase China 's economic growth through communism, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution had the opposite effects and significantly diminished China 's economy. The two direct causes of the failure

There were many negative and positive consequences that came with the contact between China and the European powers at the turn of the 20th century. These consequences are evidently seen in the impacts of European technology. China had no to intentions to welcome the arrival of Europeans and attempted to control the entry of foreigners into the Middle Kingdom. The assumed barbaric behaviour came from a group of Portuguese sailors during the sixteenth century that had set Chinese attitudes against Europeans. The Chinese banned these bothersome Europeans from entering the land, referring to them as ‘barbarians from the Western Ocean’. On the other hand European traders continued to seek Chinese goods such as silk, tea and porcelain, the proud Chinese expressed

Throughout the 20th century, mainland China had gone through numerous changes. There was a large cultural revolution and vast famine that affected many people at the time. Many Chinese people were being internally displaced, and they were seeking potential opportunities elsewhere. The main flow of immigration was to Hong Kong (HK) because it was seen to open up many opportunities of financial growth and travel. There were some who wanted to immigrate to the United States (US), but the Chinese Exclusion Act and restrictions from the People’s Republic of China prevented mainland Chinese people from traveling outside of the country. Even with the Immigration Act of 1965 that opened up pathways for non-European immigrants, it was still difficult

In 1949, Mao Zedong declared the People’s Republic of China after the communists won the civil war against the nationalists, promising a fresh start, however China was a broken country following the Japanese and Civil Wars, which meant the new government inherited severe problems, the worst of which include hyperinflation, complete lack of industry, heavy food shortages, which was exacerbated by steep population increases. During the first eight years of power, Mao’s regime tackled the economy remarkably, stemming inflation and introducing the first 5-year plan. Furthermore political control began to take form – although the methods of control were debatably unethical – and social initiatives were taken to improve, among other things,

America has always produced goods in foreign countries, the price for manufacturing is way cheaper, than if we were to do it here. One of the main places we produce manufactured goods in China. Unlike America, China has a higher population, no laws regarding labor, or pollution. The population of China is a lot higher than the U.S, making poverty a bigger issue, so in order to support their families having a job is important. Kids as young as 14 go to school specifically for their jobs, and work all day to eventually move in the ranks and make their family proud.

It is not until today that we see China as a rising power, so powerful that could shake the core of global system. Recent resilient economic growth and other development indexes have been widely quoted in thousands of political writings as the prominent evidence alarming about upcoming “systemic changes”. In fact, while Europe was still in the shadow of Dark Ages, China was inventing compass, gunpowder, paper and printing technology. While Penicillin was discovered in 1897 by Ernest Duchesne and later Alexander Fleming, China has been using soybean mold as antibiotic measure for already two thousand years. This is explicitly to say that the preeminence Chinese power is not a modern issue emerged from Mao to Xi period, from Long March iconic leaders to modern ambitious technocrats. During colonization period, the West has been constantly disregarding the strength of China and this only changed dramatically after 1976 when Mao death triggered a new period filling with economic successes.

Over the past three decades, China has been undergoing economic reforms and changes to its political structure from communism towards a more market-oriented system. It’s changing political structure has been described in various terms such as pro-growth authoritarianism (Lai, 2010), a variegated form of state-permeated capitalism (Brink, 2013), refurbished state capitalism (McNally, 2013), and a social-capitalist model (Degen, 2011). All these terms suggest that China has been shifting towards a more market-oriented system but continue to take a state-centric approach. Deng Xiaoping described this system as a Socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. This hybrid social-capitalist or social-communist model (Sigley, 2006; Wu,

The economy of China currently stand as the second-largest economy in the world only beaten by that of the United States of America. However, the Chinese GDP stands also to be rising fast — up 12.4% in dollar terms was recorded in 2013. For various other nations, such a figure would be much of a stellar year. Example is the United States of America managed merely 3.2% in the fourth quarter of last year — compared to China which had registered 18% or more each year from 2006 to 2011 (Gough, January 19, 2016). Nonetheless, such massive growth of the nation stand widely clouded by a dark sky of biting inequality and massive concerns of environmental dilapidation. Biting human inequality and Environmental pollution has been for long time and continues to be a serious problem in China. These two closely tied problems are evident mostly in education, health, economic situations, politics and the Chinese labor which is more of Modern Slavery (Chen, 2005). Putting these to context, the themes most relating to these Chinese contemporary issues are those of human and environment and inequality. Consequently, this paper seeks to look at the historical roots of environmental dilapidation and human inequality as a contemporary issue through time and across space paying attention to China and other world destinations.

China has undergone dramatic change in the past few decades. In contrast to its isolation from the international community in the 50s and 60s, China today is not only a member of virtually every international organization but even has the potential power to question and reshape the structure and norms of the institutions it has joined. No other country has undergone as total a transformation as has China during the last quarter of the twentieth century. The great change could be traced back to 1978 when Deng Xiaoping and his associates launched a reform that has changed the country in all spheres. Under Deng’s leadership, a step-by-step opening policy was introduced concurrently. The government shifted the economic strategy to emphasize the production of goods to sale abroad; five special economic zones were established as means of encouraging foreign investment; the country has joined a large number of UN-affiliated institutions that are setting the ground rules of the 21st century in respect of open trade arrangements, security partnerships, arms control regime, war against terrorism, environmental preservation, and defense of human rights (though not without conservation).

The current state of the Chinese economic system has drawn international attention and praise due to its overwhelmingly positive statistical growth. This growth, according to the nation’s leader, stems from what its government calls strides toward common prosperity. As of 2013, China’s leaders proclaim to be moving toward a state of theoretical consciousness. In China, consistency and persistence is promoted over spontaneity within the confines of a sound economic structure, which has created a fertile ground for socialism to grow. A recent documentary composed by a conglomerate of media outlets, depicts the current economic landscape of China. Its story unravels to present the growing city of Shanghai as progressive, oppressive, and modern; yet, its growth has been rooted in older communist practices, given to much economic success and an uncertain future (“City of Dreams”). The changes that have taken place in modern China since the late 1970’s has grown its economy to unprecedented ends, and by unprecedented means. The transformation into an industrialized capitalistic society has catapulted its development into an uncharted realm, prompting much discussion on its future impact on the world at large. In the following report, we will examine China’s economical changes in three decades, encompassing three distinct phases of economic reform: recovery, establishment, and improvement.

In addition, China 's politics and economy have great differences with western countries because of the special national conditions, that the political power (or government) may have a prominent or even overwhelming strength relative to the economy (or business), which may have a decisive influence on economic development. First, the government-lead economy has caused excessive pursuit of economic development but neglect the quality of development (Zhou, Zhang & Shen, 2015). Second is the government 's control and allocation of resources and the dominant mode of development of the state-owned economy have caused a series of problems like the loss of economic benefits to a certain extent (Dollar, 1990). So the excessive concentration of political and administrative power caused by the low degree legalization and democratization in Chinese economy may have resulted in some obstacles in the economic development to enterprises, and this kind of rent-seeking which has political power to control economic resources and the right of examination and approval maybe one of the reasons caused China’s corruption and damaged the normal order of the market economy. In western countries, companies could hire a lobby group to lobby government in order to gain some benefits and a lot of countries such as the United States have the Federal Regulation of lobbying act that make constraint on lobbying (Hansen & Mitchell, 2000). But for enterprises in China, to develop good relations (“Guanxi”)

China began to reform its market in the early 1980s, with the shifting of a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy, China has experienced soaring economic growth and social development. In the meanwhile, the environmental degradation is getting worse. Yet, the environmental protection law enacted by the Chinese government barely have an effect. Economists and scientists have both pointed out that, if the Chinese government does not take timely and effective measures to reverse the current environmental degradation, such pollution problems will greatly hinder the future economic development in China, and the living standard of Chinese citizens

The future of China is a subject of great interest and debate. While some scholars, economists, politicians, and political scientists claim to know the future, the only certainty is that no one really knows what is going to happen. There are prevailing forecasts that predict that China will either become the foremost economy in the world, or will fail spectacularly in that mission. Another prominent forecast is that China will democratize on their way to the top. This democratization will occur in the form of economic reform, greater social freedom, and political action. These reforms and steps toward democratization would bolster all facets of Chinese life and would assist their rise to the top. Unfortunately, it does not seem like even the smallest forms of democratization are on the horizon for China. The Chinese government is far too attached to their current ruling practices and has no plans to change. Couple that with the continued repression of dissent and the desire to do anything to stay in power, and China is on no path toward democratization. While democratic reform is one of the future forecasts for the nation, and ruling it out entirely would be naïve, it would be equally foolhardy to consider it as a likely path for the nation to take. Recent behavior and long term strategies point to much different forecasts.

We agree with the commentators about the strategic change in the Chinese economy because only with the investment strategy there economy will not grow well, so they need to focus on domestic market based growth on consumption expenditure and PPF will be very helpful in this, PPF as stated above helps us to know the production conditions, production quantity and the sacrifice of the second good’s to produce first one or vice versa, this also let us know what type of maximum goods we can produce with maximum utilization of resources.

As the three FIE Laws were introduced at the start of China’s reform and opening up, they serve as fundamental laws for foreign investment issues in China for almost 40 years. However, because of the rapid and deeper development of China’s economy in recent years, these laws face a number of issues.